Presidential Addresses and News Conferences Category Listing

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President Jimmy Carter Announces Administration's Anti-Inflation Programs
3-14-1980


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President Jimmy Carter's Address to the Nation on Peace and Security
10-1-1979
President Jimmy Carter announces that the United States has learned of possible Soviet combat troops stationed in Cuba. He says that the Soviets claim it is merely a training center and Carter agrees that the unit will not be enlarged and poses no direct threat to the United States. Nevertheless, the steps he pledges to take include increased surveillance of Cuba and he offers assurances that the United States will ensure that the Soviets cannot use their troops in combat against any other nation. Carter feels a confrontation would harm United States interests and urges Congress to pass the SALT II treaty.


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White House Briefing on the 1980 Summer Olympics
Part two
3-21-1980
Joseph Onek continues his comments about an alternative competition for the Olympics, admitting that it will not be the same as the Olympics. He refuses to name the other countries that will boycott the Summer Olympics in Moscow but stresses that all of the important non-Communist sporting nations will not be there. Jimmy Carter discusses the wrongness of the Soviet invasion and its widespread condemnation by other nations. Carter states unequivocally that the United States will not participate in the Moscow Olympics. He compares the athletes' sacrifice to that made by American farmers in support of the grain embargo, stressing that US Olympians stand for the finest principles of the United States. He answers sometimes combative questions about the consistency of US policies and Carter's authority to keep athletes from going.


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White House Briefing for Congress on Iran and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Part two
1-8-1980
President Carter continues answering questions on Iran and Afghanistan. He is reluctant to give any timetable for the release of American hostages but does state that their release is the necessary condition for unfreezing Iranian assets. He explains the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as a violation of detente and recaps the dealings of his administration with the Soviet Union. He then faces criticism about the effect the grain embargo will have on American farmers. There is a discussion of the reasons against arming China and the possibility of selling arms to Pakistan. One Congressman asks whether Carter has reached a stalemate in Iran; Carter answers by saying that it is difficult to convince the United Nations to impose sanctions on a small, nonaligned nation like Iran. He also describes attempted relations with Ayatollah Khomeini and Khomeini's fundamentalism.


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President Carter 's Briefing on the Release of the Iranian Hostages
1-19-1981
President Carter states that the United States has reached an agreement with Iran to secure the release of the American hostages. The deal hinges on the unfreezing on Iranian assets.


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Remarks Announcing the Ban on Iranian Oil
11-12-1979
President Carter makes a brief statement announcing a ban on Iranian oil. Following his statement, administration officials take questions from reporters. Topics include: arrangements for the purchase of oil from other sources, the possible effect of the ban on hostage negotiations, the authority under which President Carter is imposing the ban (Trade Expansion Act), the rationality of the ban and why it will not provoke the terrorists, the role of other nations, the ban's impact on oil prices, plans to allocate the available supply to consumers and refiners, the indefinite nature of the ban, conservation, and the ban's impact on the typical American.


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President Carter Announces Request to United Nations for International Sanctions Against Iran.
12-21-1979
President Carter makes a brief statement calling on the United Nations to impose international economic sanctions against Iran. Carter ends his statement by reading from a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.


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Carter's National Energy Plan delivered before a joint session of Congress
4-20-1977
President Carter outlines his National Energy Plan. The plan consists of four strategies: conservation of fuel used for transportation and for heating and cooling, regulation of pricing, conversion from scarce fuels to coal, and development of permanent and reliable new energy sources. He discusses these strategies as well as the goals of his plan in detail.


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President Carter's Remarks at the Governor's Annual Prayer Breakfast
Part two
4-4-1978
A variety of speakers continue the program from part one.


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Carter's address on inflation
10-24-1978
President Carter outlines steps his administration will take to curb inflation, a 'most serious domestic problem' and a 'long-time threat.' He states that government wage and price controls as well as a deliberate recession are both too extreme. Carter's plan includes holding down government spending and waste, reducing the budget deficit, trimming the federal workforce, and bringing more competition back into the economy. More specifically, he will cut federal hiring and wage increases, oppose further reductions to federal income taxes, reduce federal regulations, and work to improve productivity. He also calls on the private sector to adhere to voluntary wage and price standards. Carter stresses that in order for his plan to work, it needs time and the support of the people.


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Remarks of Carter, Sadat and Begin at Camp David Ceremony
9-17-1978
President Carter opens with praise for President Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Begin of Israel. He describes what has been accomplished and what still has to be done (one issue still to be resolved was Israeli settlements in Egyptian territory). President Sadat speaks next. He thanks Carter for his commitment ans asks the Americans to remain a part of the peace process. Prime Minister Begin says that the Camp David Conference should be renamed the 'Jimmy Carter Conference.' He praises Carter's civil courage and thanks many people. At the conclusion of the remarks, Sadat, Begin, and Carter sign two documents, 'A Framework for Peace in the Middle East' and 'A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel.'


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Carter's Energy Address to the Nation
4-5-1979
President Carter describes steps for combating the energy problem. He wants to impose a Windfall Profits Tax on oil companies so that the people can share in some of the profit of deregulation. The money will go into an energy security fund used to protect low-income families from price increases, for mass transit, and for research into solving America's long-term energy problems. He calls on people to use less oil even though they are going to have to pay more for it. Carter knows that the oil companies will fight the tax and expects special interest groups to try to abuse the resulting energy security fund; he calls on Americans to let Congress know that they support the tax and that they want to see the money spent the way it was intended to be. Next, Carter describes how he is going to make the domestic production of energy (oil, natural gas, coal, and solar), as well as the importation of energy, easier. He also stresses the need for conservation, calling it 'our cheapest and cleanest energy source.' Among other things, he wants to keep thermostats no higher than 65 degrees in winter and no lower than 80 in summer. He also asks people to drive less each week. Next, Carter discusses avenues of technological research into more abundant sources of energy, including hydroelectric and solar power. Carter also mentions a recent accident at a nuclear power plant in Three Mile Island.


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The President's News Conference of March 14, 1980
3-14-1980
President Carter delivers a statement to reporters, recapping his anti-inflation program and plans for a balanced budget. He then takes questions. Topics include: balanced federal budgets, Israeli settlements, anti-inflation program, strategic arms limititation, federal grants to cities, fiscal year 1981 budget, programs for minority groups, American hostages in Iran, Iranian immigrants, and the gasoline conservation fee.


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The President's News Conference of April 19, 1980
4-29-1980
President Carter makes a statement praising the servicemen who were to undertake the aborted rescue attempt of the American hostages in Iran. He also denounces Iran's behavior and states that he will not forget the hostages. Carter then takes questions from reporters. Topics include: the possibility of a foreign policy summit meeting, the timing of the hostage rescue mission, the termination of the hostage rescue mission, Iranian guilt and resolution of the hostage situation, the Americans killed during the hostage rescue mission, the situation in Iran and other presidential responsibilities, the National Security Adviser and Secretary of State, phases of hostage rescue mission, minorities and the economy, Secretary of State Vance and the hostage rescue mission, the risks of the hostage rescue mission, the hostage situation and President Carter's political prospects, the effect of sanctions against Iran, United States military capability and the hostage rescue mission, and Senator Edmund S. Muskie.


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President Carter's Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Camp David Accords
9-18-1978
President Carter delivers a speech outlining goals achieved at Camp David. He states that an 'impossible dream' has become a 'real possibility.' He attributes the success of the meeting to President Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Begin of Israel, calling them men of 'great personal courage.' He also stresses that the world has a lot to gain from peace in the Middle East. He says that the agreement has resolved the nature of peace in the region, provides security for all nations, establishes boundaries, and guarantees that the Palestinians who live in the disputed regions will have some say in what happens to them. He goes on to discuss provisions in the agreement to resolve disputes in the West Bank and Gaza. Carter then discusses the 'Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel.' Carter then admits that there is one issue on which agreement has not been reached: Egypt says that the agreement to remove Israeli settlements from Egyptian territory should be a prerequisite to any peace treaty, but Israel says that the issue of settlements should be a part of the peace negotiations themselves. Carter briefly addresses the situation in Lebanon before saying that Secretary of State Cyrus Vance will soon be leaving to speak with King Hussein of Jordan and King Khalid of Saudi Arabia about the terms of the Camp David Agreement.


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Address Before A Joint Session of Congress on the SALT II Treaty
6-18-1979
President Carter announces to Congress the signing of the SALT II treaty. Though it was never ratified because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, both countries agreed to follow the stipulations of the treaty. Though Carter admits that the treaty does not end the arms race, he states that the treaty makes it 'safer and more predictable, with clear rules and verifiable limits.' He also describes some of the specific stipulations of the treaty.


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President Carter's Remarks Concerning the Failed Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
4-25-1980
President Carter announces to the nation the failed rescue attempt of the American hostages in Iran. Eight servicemen were killed when two aircraft collided on the ground.


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President Carter Announces Economic Renewal
8-28-1980
President Carter delivers a speech outlining his plans for stimulating the economy. He wants to 'increase private and public investment ... create a forward-looking partnership between government and the private sector ... help people and communties overcome the effects of industrial dislocations ... and ... help offset the rising individual tax burdens in ways which do not rekindle inflation.' He also touches on his energy policy.


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President Carter's Remarks at United Auto Workers' Convention
5-17-1977
President Carter delivers a speech at the United Auto Workers' convention. The speech is concerned almost entirely with domestic issues, especially the economy and energy.


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President Carter's Remarks to Members of the Southern Baptist Brotherhood Convention
6-16-1978
President Carter delivers a speech calling for a unification of religious belief with political and public action. He states, 'you can't divorce religious beliefs from public service.'


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of January 23, 1957
1-23-1957
Shortly after his second inauguration, President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. Topics include the budget, H-bomb tests, possible meetings with world leaders, possible changes to the Cabinet, the political climate of the Soviet Union, a shift toward 'Modern Republicanism,' the administrations actions and attitude toward the press, spending on domestic programs, dealing with drought, nuclear weapons, labor racketeering, segregation, Hungarian refugees, farm legislation, and deficit spending.


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Radio and Television Report to the American People Regarding the Situation in the Formosa Straits
9-11-1958
President Eisenhower delivers an address detailing recent developments in the Formosa Straits, where China had attacked the island of Matsu and was continuing to bombard the island of Quemoy. He places the current Chinese action within a pattern of wider aggression and alludes to the folly of Munich to promote the firm stance he says the United States must take. He also states that the Chinese Communists are working together with the Soviet Union and that diplomatic means of resolving the issues at hand will still be employed.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of July 3, 1957
7-3-1957
After an announcement stating that more U-235 will be made available for peaceful purposes, President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. Topics include civil rights legislation, the presidential campaign of 1960, wage and price increases, disarmament, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), an alleged murder committed by American Army specialist William McOsler, a single supply agency for the armed forces, basic physical training for servicemen, building a clean bomb, integration, voting rights, the Supreme Court, US policy toward France and Algeria, the budget, cost of living increases, and the Middle East.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of July 17, 1957
7-17-1957
President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. Topics include the implications of the civil rights bill, leadership changes in the Soviet Union, the Girard Case, a nuclear stockpile for NATO, adding a scientist to the Cabinet or White House Staff, a possible exchange of visits between Marshal Zhukov and Defense Secretary Wilson, democracy's materialism vs. communism's idealism, the status of the military, and allowing reporters in China.


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The President's News Conference of June 17, 1953
Part two
6-17-1953
President Eisenhower continues his comments about what can be appropriately taught about communism. Other topics from this part of the press conference include banning books, relations between the United States and Britain, a butter surplus, and an uprising in East Germany.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of August 7, 1957
8-7-1957
President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. Many are concerned with a pending civil rights bill. Eisenhower says that he won't comment on whether he will veto the bill until the bill is before him; he refers reporters to a statement that he made on August 2. Other topics include possible staff changes, unions, the behavior of the Congress, Walter Jodok Kohler, Jr.'s campaign for governor, Eisenhower's acceptance of gifts, an equal rights amendment, the Girard Case, immigration law, disarmament, Mamie Eisenhower's health, a clean bomb, and Eisenhower's relationship with Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of October 3, 1957
10-3-1957
President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. Most of the questions are about the integration situation in Little Rock, AR. Eisenhower states that Federal troops will be removed when either Governor Faubus assures him that the orders of the Federal court will not be obstructed, or if peace develops on its own. Eisenhower goes on to emphasize that the troops are there to uphold a Federal court order; the fact that segregation is the issue at hand is 'incidental.' Other topics include corruption in unions, the Middle East, the relationship between religion and government, and the budget.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of October 9, 1957
10-9-1957
President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. After a reporter asks about the Soviet Union's successful launching of a satellite, Eisenhower describes the timetable for putting a US satellite in orbit. He emphasizes the nonmilitary purpose of the satellite. Most of the questions focus on the US space program and US development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Other topics include: integration in Little Rock and a possible meeting with Marshal Zhukov of the Soviet Union.


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Remarks at the Dartmouth College Commencement Exercises, Hanover, New Hampshire
6-14-1953
Eisenhower calls on students to have the courage to view themselves and the world honestly.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of September 30, 1953
9-30-1953
Before questions begin, Eisenhower announces the nomimation of Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the United States. He also expresses resentment at Cardinal Wyszynski of Poland's forced retirement and describes his opposition to a Federal retail sales tax. Eisenhower also speaks at length when asked about the Soviet Union's ability to make a thermonuclear bomb. Other topics from this press conference include leaks to friendly newspapers, the general manufacturer's sales tax and other taxes, an appointment for the Secretary of Labor, an agreement signed with Spain, Eisenhower's possible use of Taft-Hartley injunction powers to stop a strike, relations with Latin America, and integration.


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Radio and Television Address to the American People Announcing the Signing of the Korean Armistice
7-26-1953
President Eisenhower announces the signing of the Korean Armistice. He says, 'we have won an armistice on a single battleground--not peace in the world. We may not now relax our guard nor cease our quest.'


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The President's News Conference of February 17, 1953
2-17-1953
President Eisenhower opens his first press conference with announcements relating to farm prices and agriculture, Eisenhower's administration's policy toward secret agreements, price controls, the fact that the Soviet Union has the atomic bomb, and the possibility of a tax reduction. Other topics from the question-and-answer period include the Yalta agreement, the situation in Korea, a possible embargo on shipments to Red China, the budget, and Eisenhower's appointment of businessmen to government posts.


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Eisenhower's Inaugural Address
1-20-1953
This is a recording of President Eisenhower's first inaugural address. The recording begins with the swearing in of Vice President Richard Nixon and a prayer read by the Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver. Then, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson swears in Eisenhower and Eisenhower reads his speech, which begins with a short prayer for God's aid. The speech touches on the threat of nuclear war and of communism, as well as America's leadership role. After the speech, the Most Reverend Henry K. Sherrill reads the benediction.


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Address Before the General Assembly of the United Nations on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, New York City
'Atoms for Peace'
12-8-1953
Eisenhower states that he must speak in the 'new language of atomic warfare.' He outlines the fears of the nuclear age before expressing the desire to make nuclear material available for peaceful purposes.


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The President's News Conference of March 3, 1954
3-3-1954
Eisenhower opens this news conference with a brief comment about a shooting by Puerto Rican extremists that occurred in the House of Representatives on March 1. He then makes a statement about the investigation of Army dentist Irving Peress, stating that 'the Department of the Army made serious errors in handling' it. He then affirms his anti-communist position. Most of the questions relate to investigations, communism, and security risks, but other topics include a vacancy in the Interstate Commerce Commission, an equal employment opportunity bill, limits on excise taxes, the duties of the Red Cross in Korea (now that a truce has been reached), and the Bricker amendment.


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Radio and Television Address to the American People on the State of the Nation
4-5-1954
President Eisenhower delivers a speech focusing on certain concerns of the American government and people. He focuses on communism, nuclear weapons, and unemployment.


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The President's News Conference of February 25, 1953
2-25-1953
President Eisenhower opens this press conference with two announcements. The first concerns a meeting to evaluate the division of taxes between the State and Federal government. The second concerns the number of doctors required to continue the war in Korea. Topics from the question-and-answer period include soil conservation, the St. Lawrence Seaway, a balanced budget, whether or not the United States will stick to agreements made during World War II, whether or not the Soviet Union can be trusted to adhere to its agreements, communists in schools, statehood for Alaska and Hawaii, the possibility of a second term for Eisenhower, the reciprocal trade agreements act, congressional investigations into possible subversion, Eisenhower's attitude toward Universal Military Training, national security, the possibility of meeting Joseph Stalin face-to-face, and the introduction of a new loyalty program.


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Address at Transylvania College, Lexington, Kentucky
4-23-1954
President Eisenhower delivers a speech that, though it first seems to be about religion, is really about the fight against communism. He calls the American political system a 'translation...of a deeply-felt religious faith.' Besides communism in southeast Asia, Eisenhower goes on to discuss nuclear weapons.


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Address at the Columbia University National Bicentennial Dinner, New York City
Part one
5-31-1954
President Eisenhower delivers a speech at the Columbia University National Bicentennial Dinner. Eisenhower was president of Columbia from 1948-1953. Eisenhower begins his speech by discussing the freedom of exchange of ideas, echoing the sentiments of Thomas Jefferson. By the end of this part of the recording, Eisenhower relates this concern for freedom to the fight against communism, 'the atheistic philosophy of materialism.' Eisenhower describes two tenants of American policy: building a cooperative peace and strengthening America. The theme of Columbia's Bicentennial was 'Man's right to knowledge and the free use thereof.'


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Address at the Colombia University National Bicentennial Dinner, New York City
Part two
5-31-1954
President Eisenhower concludes his speech at the Columbia University National Bicentennial Dinner. Eisenhower was president of Columbia from 1948-1953. He continues his evaluation of problems between communist and capitalist countries. He touches on Korea, Germany, Austria, and nuclear weapons. The theme of Columbia's Bicentennial was 'Man's right to knowledge and the free use thereof.'


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The President's News Conference of April 7, 1954
4-7-1954
This press conference includes the famous 'domino theory' justification of fighting communism in Southeast Asia. President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. Topics include building a bigger hydrogen bomb, possible subversion in Government, 'the loyalty and patriotism of Edward R. Murrow,' Indochina and its strategic importance, the 12th anniversary of the fall of Bataan, statehood for Hawaii and Alaska, administrative policies toward housing agencies, and unemployment.


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The President's News Conference of April 29, 1954
4-29-1954
President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. The two most common topics are the situation in Indochina and the investigation of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Regarding Indochina, Eisenhower says he hopes to achieve a modus vivendi in the region. As far as Oppenheimer is concerned, Eisenhower emphasizes the 'great sensitivity' of the allegations. Other topics of this news conference include the sufficiency of the United States military and the defense budget, agriculture, inquiries into corruption, the McCarran-Walter Immigration Act, the forced resignation of Federal Housing Commissioner Hollyday, communism and McCarthyism, and military assistance to Iraq.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of May 19, 1954
5-19-1954
Many of the questions of this news conference focus on investigations into alleged communist ties of government officials and the Army/McCarthy hearings. Other topics include civil rights legislation, arms sales to Guatemala 'from behind the Iron Curtain,' the Tennessee Valley Authority, Indochina, adding milk vending machines to government buildings, the 'Buy American Act,' the Southeast Asia Pact, and atomic energy law.


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Remarks Recorded for the American Legion 'Back to God' Program, Remarks Recorded for the Opening of the Red Cross Campaign
1-1-1700
This recording contains two short speeches of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In the first speech, 'Remarks Recorded for the American Legion 'Back to God' Program,' Eisenhower thanks people for their prayers and states that 'the lowliest amongst us as well as...the mightiest and the highest' possess God-given rights. He goes on to mention the four chaplains who sacrificed themselves on the Dorchester February 3, 1943 as well as those now serving in the Korean War. In the second speech, 'Remarks Recorded for the Opening of the Red Cross Campaign,' Eisenhower calls on Americans to donate money as well as blood.


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The President's News Conference of January 12, 1955
1-12-1955
After a brief announcement about 'trouble in Costa Rica,' President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. He is most often asked about Wolf Ladejinski, who was deemed a security risk by the Agriculture Department because of his alleged involvement with communist groups. Other topics include Vice President Nixon's behavior during the 1954 congressional campaign, changes in the makeup of the military, the use of tactical atomic weapons, changes in the date of the presidential convention, a new Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board, the right of journalists to protect their sources, the Niagara power, and the practices of the Atomic Energy Commission.


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Remarks at Ceremonies Opening the Islamic Center, Remarks at Presentation Ceremony on Receiving New Army Flag, Remarks to the American Field Service Students, Remarks to Delegates of Boys Nation, Remarks at Ceremony Following Ratification of the Statute o
Short Speeches of Eisenhower
1-1-1700
This file contains a variety of President Eisenhower's short speeches. In 'Remarks at Ceremonies Opening the Islamic Center,' Eisenhower emphasizes U.S. friendship with Islamic nations and the freedom of Muslims to worship in the US. In 'Remarks at Presentation Ceremony on Receiving New Army Flag,' Eisenhower praises the Army. In 'Remarks to the American Field Service Students,' Eisenhower expresses the sentiment that one can learn a lot by visiting a foreign country. In 'Remarks to Delegates of Boys Nation,' Eisenhower hopes that the boys are getting a real-life lesson in government. In 'Remarks at Ceremony Following Ratification of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency,' Eisenhower states that he hopes the Agency will help unify the world. In 'Remarks to the Delegates of Girls Nation,' Eisenhower says that he feels the girls' visit to Washington will have a lasting impact on their lives. In 'Citation and Remarks at Presentation of the Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Arthur W. Radford,' Eisenhower praises Radford and expresses his appreciation for Radford's service to the United States. In 'Remarks Marking the Opening of National Civil Defense Week,' Eisenhower promotes 'total readiness' as a deterrent to aggression.


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Eisenhower Appeals to the Soviet Union for a Commitment to Peace
4-16-1953
President Eisenhower, shortly after the death of Joseph Stalin, delivers an appeal to the new leadership of the Soviet Union to commit themselves to peace. Cold war rhetoric dominates the speech. For example, Eisenhower states that 'the United States and our valued friends, the other free nations, chose one road. The leaders of the Soviet Union chose another.' Among other things, Eisenhower calls on the Soviet Union to agree to disarmament.


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Address at Annual Dinner of the American Society of Newspaper Editors
4-21-1956
President Eisenhower's speech before the American Society of Newspaper Editors focuses on the threat of communism. As in many other speeches, Eisenhower stresses the role of the United States in ensuring freedom's survival. He feels that economically-troubled nations may turn to communism because of a lack of hope, and that the US must assist them, sometimes on a long-term basis. He wonders whether the death of Joseph Stalin has had any effect on the Soviet state, or not.


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The President's News Conference of May 4, 1955
5-4-1955
President Eisenhower makes a statement describing the mechanism for distributing Jonas Salk's new polio vaccine. Many of the questions following his statement are about the polio vaccine and include the possibility of racketeering, the vaccine's commercial sale, who will receive the vaccine, and the vaccine's safety. Other topics include settling telephone and railroad strikes, Eisenhower's proposed highway program, agriculture, the Air Force, extending the Fair Labor Standards Act, a pay raise for postal employees, Mamie Eisenhower's health, the Yalta Agreement, China, the possibility of a military base on Formosa, and West Germany's reemergence as a free nation.


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The President's News Conference of January 25, 1956
1-25-1956
President Eisenhower makes a brief announcement about Vice President Nixon's trip to Brazil and then takes questions from reporters. Topics include whether or not Nixon will be Eisenhower's running mate again, whether certain issues, particularly the Israeli-Arab situation, should be above the presidential campaign, Congress' role in the allocation of foreign aid, court nominations, the budget and taxes, anti-segregation legislation, Eisenhower's health, the farm program and its alleged shortcomings, disarmament, and Eisenhower's home in Gettysburg,


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of February 8, 1956
2-8-1956
President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. Topics include Eisenhower's soon-to-be-announced decision to run for a second term, concerns about Eisenhower's health, Chief Justice Earl Warren's possible candidacy, campaign contributions, installment credit, Eisenhower's continuing correspondence with Premier Bulganin of the Soviet Union, import quotas, integration, voting rights for District of Columbia residents, the arms race (particularly, guided missiles), a possible insurance contract scandal, a postal rate increase, conflict in the Middle East, and natural gas.


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Remarks at a Luncheon Meeting of the General Board of the National Council of Churches
10-18-1953
Eisenhower delivers a brief speech in which he states that the US government is founded on 'a translation in the political field of a deeply-felt religious faith.' He also praises the Council's emphasis on cooperation.


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Special message to the Congress on the situation in the Middle East
1-5-1957
In this speech before the Congress, President Eisenhower lays out what would come to be known as the 'Eisenhower Doctrine' for the Middle East. The Doctrine is a commitment by the United States to defend Arab states agains Communist aggression. He stresses the role of the United Nations in mediating conflict, both in the region and throughout the world. The Doctrine was signed into law on March 9.


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Address to the Members of the Canadian Houses of Parliament
7-9-1958
President Eisenhower delivers a speech focused on trade relations between the United States and Canada. He addresses many of the things that the two countries have in common or have done together. For example, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the St. Lawrence Seaway, the Distant Early Warning Line, and defense against communism. After that, Eisenhower tries to calm Canadian fears about United States trade policies. He is certain that the two countries 'will find acceptable solutions' to the problems arising from their differences. More specifically, Eisenhower discusses a wheat surplus, trade between the two nations and with the world at large, oil, quotas and tariffs, investment, and the Reciprocal Trade Agreements program.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of March 7, 1956
3-7-1956
President Eisenhower makes a brief statement about legislation before the Congress and then takes questions from reporters. Topics include whether or not Eisenhower wants Richard Nixon as vice-president for his second term, the way in which Eisenhower's health might affect his campaign for president and his subsequent presidency, the Bricker amendment, arms sales to Saudi Arabia, written exchanges with Premier Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin of the Soviet Union and the Soviet political climate, the dismissal of British Lieutenant General John Bagot Glubb from his post, a possible halt to the production of fissionable materials for war, a future meeting with Mexican and Canadian leaders, and guided missiles.


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Address at the Centennial Celebration Banquet of the National Education Association
4-4-1957
In this speech, President Eisenhower speaks to the importance of education in American society. He describes Abraham Lincoln's boyhood experiences as well as his promotion of land grant colleges. Eisenhower also calls attention to the difficult job teachers must do and states that Federal money should be used to build new schools.


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Radio and television address to the American people on the situation in the Middle East
9-24-1957
President Eisenhower addresses the nation to explain his reasons for ordering the National Guard to take control of the situation in Little Rock, AR. He states that 'under the leadership of demagogic extremists, disorderly mobs have deliberately prevented the carrying out of proper orders from a Federal Court.' He says that the troops will be removed if resistance to the court order ceases.


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Fireside Chat, April 14, 1938
4-14-1938
President Roosevelt evaluates the current economic situation and describes a recent message to the Congress. He explains that gains have been made since 1933, but in the last half-year, the economy 'has received a visible setback.' He explains the collapse of 1929 in terms of 'over speculation in, and over production of, practically every article or instrument used by man.' He argues that the government must be involved in stimulating the economy, and states that additional funds must be made available for government programs. He also wants to make 'additional bank reserves available for the credit needs of the country.' Roosevelt also wants funding allocated for new projects above and beyond the ones that are already in place. He feels that a 'strong and successful' government can keep fascism at bay and also states that all Americans should share in the nation's prosperity. He calls for a minimum wage and a limit on working hours.


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Fireside Chat, April 28, 1935
4-28-1935
President Roosevelt describes the social and economic climate and discusses steps that the government is taking to put people back to work and rebuild America. He describes in detail his work relief program. He says, 'First, the projects should be useful. Secondly, the project should be of a nature that a considerable proportion of the money spent will go into wages for labor. Third, projects that promise ultimate return to the federal Treasury of a considerable proportion of the costs will be sought as far as possible. Fourth, funds allotted for each project should be actually and promptly spent, and not held over until later years for the spending. Fifth, in all cases projects must be of a character to give employment to those on the relief rolls first. And finally, projects will be allocated to the localities, or to the relief areas, in relation to the number of workers on the relief roles in those areas.' Roosevelt also discusses his program for social security, including unemployment insurance. He also calls for an extension to the National Industry Recovery Act and for changes to the public utility industry. Roosevelt also talks about improving transportation agencies and about adjustments to the Federal Reserve system.


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Fireside Chat, May 7, 1933
5-7-1933
President Roosevelt explains the reasons for the extraordinary powers he has been forced to use. He says that many people will be put back to work through the Civilian Conservation Corps and mentions improvements that will be made to the Tennessee Valley. He also discusses general strategies as well as other specific measures, for example the Farm Relief Bill and the Railroad Bill. Roosevelt describes the government's role in enforcing fair agreements and practices within industry. He also feels that it will take world prosperity to ensure American prosperity.


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Fireside Chat, September 6, 1936
9-6-1936
President Roosevelt describes drought conditions and hardship in nine states. He describes steps that have been taken and steps that will be taken to alleviate the plight of farmers. This includes water conservation and the building of ponds and reservoirs, soil conservation, and building farm-to-market roads. Roosevelt wants to keep people on the land because there are no jobs for them in nearby cities. Roosevelt goes on to emphasize the grassroots nature of the projects, which are designed with local input to meet local needs. And because the next day is Labor Day, Roosevelt makes the case that it is a national holiday and not a class holiday.


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Calvin Coolidge on state government in Massachusetts
1-1-1919
Calvin Coolidge states his ideas on state government in Massachusetts.


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Calvin Coolidge takes the oath of office as President of the United States
1-1-1924
President of the United States, 1923-1928. Calvin Coolidge takes the oath of office as President of the United States after the death of Warren Harding.


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Calvin Coolidge speaks on Republican Party Principles
1-1-1924
Calvin Coolidge addresses Republican Party principles.


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Address at the Pan-American Exposition, 1900.
From a Columbia Test Cylinder
1-1-1901
Address at the Pan-American Exposition, 1900.


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Tariffs as a Political and Economic Issue
1-1-1912
Wilson speaks on the tariff as a political and economic issue.


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William Taft Discusses Foreign Policy
1-1-1909
Taft says that America must help other countries and people, that Christianity is democracy, and discusses America's position in the Philippines.


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William Taft Speaks on Postal Savings Banks
1-1-1910
The benefits of postal savings banks for use by the public versus the plan sponsored by the Democratic Party.


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William Taft Discusses His Visit to Ireland
1-1-1911
Discussion of Taft's visit to Ireland and of Irish poetry and humor.


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Nixon's Resignaton Speech
1-25-1972
President Nixon resigns the presidency.


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In a press conference following his naming of Jack Kemp as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Bush answers questions about nuclear energy
12-19-1988
In a press conference following his naming of Jack Kemp as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Bush answers questions about nuclear energy, privatization of inner city housing, attitudes toward Yasser Arafat, the introduction of "new faces" into the cabinet, and the amount of money he intends to put into housing programs with Jack Kemp. Kemp tells of his intention to work for adequate housing for the homeless as well as on affordable housing for the other classes.


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Press conference on the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the American military presence in Saudi Arabia
8-8-1990
Press conference on the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the American military presence in Saudi Arabia. Bush says we are not at war and that the use of chemical weapons would be intolerable, but gives no word on what other nations might participate.


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Bush tells reporters he is encouraged by almost universal worldwide support for the US action sending troops to Saudi Arabia
8-10-1990
Flying to Kennebunkport aboard Air Force #1, Bush tells reporters he is encouraged by almost universal worldwide support for the US action sending troops to Saudi Arabia his plan to blockade ships entering or leaving Iraq or Kuwait, and states his conviction that Saddam Hussein's call for a pan-Arab holy war will not work.


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Bush, speaking from the Pentagon, says Saddam Hussein's claim that this is a holy war against the enemies of Islam defies the evidence of his using chemical warfare against other Arabs
8-15-1990
Bush, speaking from the Pentagon, says Saddam Hussein's claim that this is a holy war against the enemies of Islam defies the evidence of his using chemical warfare against other Arabs, and that this is no war between cultures, comparing his threat with that of Hitler.


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Bush tells the Veterans of Foreign Wars convention that he holds the Iraqi government responsible for the lives of all Americans held against their will in the Middle East
8-20-1990
Bush tells the Veterans of Foreign Wars convention that he holds the Iraqi government responsible for the lives of all Americans held against their will in the Middle East and calls for help in increasing the defense budget. He is introduced by National Commander Walter Hogan.


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Bush states that the conflict in Kuwait is a confrontation between Iraq and the rest of the world
8-22-1990
Bush states that the conflict in Kuwait is a confrontation between Iraq and the rest of the world, and answers questions about whether the Soviets will cooperate with the United States.


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Bush indicates his gratitude for the service of the U.S. troops
8-28-1990
Bush indicates his gratitude for the service of the US troops in the Middle East in a message carried over the Armed Forces Radio Service.


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On the White House lawn, the Bush announces new British and French contributions to the effort to defend Saudi Arabia against Iraqi attack
9-14-1990
On the White House lawn, the Bush announces new British and French contributions to the effort to defend Saudi Arabia against Iraqi attack. He answers questions about the US vessel detaining an Iraqi oiler in the Gulf, the detention of a US Ambassador in Iran, rising fuel oil costs, his feeling about the budget negotiations, his videotape to Iraq, the Souter nomination hearings, capital gains tax, invasion of the French embassy.


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Bush addresses the United Nations General Assembly
10-1-1990
Bush addresses the United Nations General Assembly, praises the work of that body and the current leadership of the Soviet union, and the end of the "Cold War." Praises the Security counsels prompt response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Hopes for non-military solution to Middle East problems, including those of Israel. U.S. will destroy 100% of its chemical weapons. Believes all states should belong to the U.N., including Both Koreas.


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Presidential press conference dealing mainly with budget reduction
10-9-1990
Presidential press conference dealing mainly with budget reduction, but dealing also with events in the Middle East. Confident that the new budget will go through smoothly.


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Joint press conference by the presidents of the United States and Egypt
11-23-1990
Joint press conference by the presidents of the U.S.A. and Egypt, from Cairo, stresses unanimity in the struggle to get Iraq out of Kuwait and then bring about peace in the Middle East. Answer tough questions about allying with President Hafez Assad of Syria, still labelled a terrorist nation by US foreign policy. Bush defines his view of a "New World Order," including a solution to the ownership of Israel's West Bank.


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Answers questions about the January 15th deadline and the United Nations resolution
11-30-1990
Although, officially entitled and "address", this becomes a press conference with a statement about the previous day's United Nations Security Council vote endorsing the use of military force against Iraq if economic sanctions appear to be ineffective. Promises that if we enter a war, it will not be a half-hearted effort like Vietnam; it will be an all-out fight for victory. Announces that James Baker, Secretary of State, will be going to Baghdad to visit Saddam Hussein in the hopes of achieving a peaceful solution on our terms. Taraq Aziz, Iraq's foreign minister has been invited to Washington to talk with him. Answers questions about the January 15 deadline, the UN resolution, "post-war" stability safeguards in the Gulf area, hostages in the US Embassy in Kuwait, Iraq's capacity to build an atomic bomb, consultation with Congress, rising oil prices, the draft.


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Press conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis
12-18-1990
Press conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis. Also includes questions about college scholarships set aside for minority applicants, about the economy, recession, tax breaks, (capital gains and social security), and United Nations involvement in the Persian Gulf.


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Bush announces James Baker's meeting with Tariq Aziz
1-5-1991
Bush announces that James Baker will meet with Tariq Aziz in Geneva as a last step preceding armed conflict scheduled, if Iraq does not withdraw from Kuwait on January 15th.


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Washington press conference following the Baker and Aziz press conferences in Geneva
1-9-1991
Washington press conference following the Baker and Aziz press conferences in Geneva. Notes that the Iraqi refusal to accept his letter indicates their unwillingness to accept a diplomatic solution to the crisis in Kuwait. The choice of peace or war is Saddam Hussein's to make. Bush answers reporters' questions about the other two conferences, linkage with a Mideast Peace Conference, his "rudely worded" letter, a call-up of reserves, a congressional resolution of support, Iraq's promise to bomb Israel.


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President Bush reacts to the votes in the House and Senate supporting his capacity to call war
1-12-1991
Back from Camp David, President Bush reacts to the votes in the House and Senate supporting his capacity to call war on January 15 if Saddam Hussein does not pull out of occupied Kuwait. He also answers reporters' questions as to whether or not war is inevitable. Bush says that he has had no contact with Perez de Cuellar today and that he expects our allies will go to war, if we do. He will hold Hussein responsible for any terrorist acts against Americans. Our position and demands are inflexible.


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Bush sets the objectives of the Persian Gulf War
1-16-1991
Bush sets the objectives of the Persian Gulf War that Kuwait's legitimate government will be restored, and defends the United Nations attack on Hussein's army.


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Jimmy Carter reacts to the visit of Anwar Sadat
11-20-1977
Jimmy Carter reacts to the visit of Anwar Sadat to Israel with optimism and happiness. Carter says all Middle East leaders are eager to bring about peace, although some underestimate their own people's willingness to give up talk of war. Carter also tells how happy he was to see Sadat kiss Golda Meir. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Carter talks about the American interdependence with Europe and the Middle East
12-29-1977
Airport statement on departure for a six-nation, overseas fact-finding tour. Carter talks about the American interdependence with Europe and the Middle East. Broadcast on CBS-TV.


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Jimmy Carter in India
1-1-1978
Jimmy Carter in India tells of his promise to Prime Minister Desai that the U.S. is sending both nuclear fuel and heavy water.


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Bush describes the reason for the assault on Iraq
1-16-1991
Bush describes the reason for the assault on Iraq. With introduction by Suzanne Rook.


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Bush responds to a question and answer session following his noontime press conference on the Gulf War
1-18-1991
Bush responds to a question and answer session following his noontime press conference on the Gulf War.


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President Bush Addresses the Reserve Officers' Association Meeting
1-23-1991
After one full week of war, the President addresses the reserve officers' association meeting. With a review of the week's sucesses and a promise to see the war through to the destruction of Saddam Hussein.


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President Bush Announces Nomination of Ed Madigan as Next Secretary of Agriculture
1-25-1991
Announces nomination of Ed Madigan as next Secretary of Agriculture in a Press conference about the Kuwait war. Answers questions about the personality of Saddam Hussein, the upcoming Moscow summit, and Soviet actions in the Baltic states, the cost of the war, the upcoming State of the Union address, a possible war crimes trial.


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President Bush Addresses Marines and Their Families at Cherry Point
2-1-1991
Addresses marines and their families at Cherry Point, NC Marines Corps base M.C.A.S. to thuderous applause. Promises that no military will stay in the Gulf a day longer than needed.


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Bush Speaks at a National Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
2-15-1991
Bush speaks to a gathering of dentists at a national meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He categorizes Saddam Hussein's offer of peace earlier that morning as a cruel hoax. He also addresses the importance of scientific literacy in both school and science.


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Segments of Carter's second fireside chat on Panama
2-2-1978
Segments of Carter's second fireside chat on Panama. Broadcast on ABC TV.


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Jimmy Carter speaks upon departing for Venezuela, Brazil, Nigeria and Liberia
3-28-1978
Jimmy Carter speaks upon departing for Venezuela, Brazil, Nigeria and Liberia. Carter says the trip underscores U.S. ability and willingness to deal with change in a diverse world by attacking problems of ecomonic justice, human rights, fairer relations among nations, and resolution of possible conflicts. Broadcast on NBC TV.


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Jimmy Carter and his tough stand on Russia and Cuba
5-30-1978
Jimmy Carter emerges from the May 30, 1978 NATO meeting saying that his tough stand against Russia and Cuba has been effective. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Jimmy Carter speaks at the memorial services for Martin Luther King, Jr.
1-15-1979
Jimmy Carter speaks at the memorial services for Martin Luther King, Jr. saying that he will not hesitate to call another Middle East summit if it will help the cause of peace. Broadcast on ABC-TV.


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Jimmy Carter's address to the Egyptian parliament
3-10-1979
Jimmy Carter's address to the Egyptian parliament. Broadcast on a CBS TV Special.


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Jimmy Carter addresses the Israeli Knesset
3-12-1979
Jimmy Carter addresses the Israeli Knesset. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Jimmy Carter talks about a peace treaty
3-13-1979
Jimmy Carter declares that Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat have come to full agreement on all the main ingrediants for a peace treaty. Broadcast on NBC TV.


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Jimmy Carter on his return from the Middle East
3-14-1979
Jimmy Carter says that he is optimistic upon his return from the Middle East meetings with Menachim Begin and Answar Sadat.


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Jimmy Carter addresses a joint session of Congress
6-18-1979
Jimmy Carter addresses a joint session of Congress on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks upon his return from signing the treaty in Vienna. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Jimmy Carter addresses the nation
10-1-1979
Jimmy Carter addresses the nation, calling for calm and patience over the presence of Russian troops in Cuba. Broadcast on CBS-TV.


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Jimmy Carter calls for sanctions against Iran
12-21-1979
Jimmy Carter calls for sanctions against Iran to force the release of American hostages and reads from Longfellow's poem I heard the bells on Christmas day. Broadcast on ABS-TV.


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Jimmy Carter stands firm on embargo against the Russians
1-13-1980
Jimmy Carter stands firm on embargo against the Russians. Broadcast on CBS-TV.


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Jimmy Carter talks to the nation
4-25-1980
VVL-01-0313-060 Jimmy Carter tells the nation of the abortive rescue by helicopter mission to free the hostages in Iran. Broadcast on ABC-TV.


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Oath of office of President
1-20-1977
Oath of office of President. The oath of office is administered by Chief Justice Warren Burger. Introduction by Senator Howard W. Cannon. Broadcast on CBS-TV.


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Jimmy Carter's Inaugural address.
1-20-1977
VVL-01-0313-063 Jimmy Carter's Inaugural address. Broadcast on CBS-TV.


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Jimmy Carter tells funny stories
1-27-1977
Jimmy Carter talks about general lowering of thermostats and tells funny stories on himself, Billy Carter, and Walter Mondale.


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Jimmy Carter gives his first fireside chat
2-2-1977
Jimmy Carter gives his first fireside chat. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Jimmy Carter's first address to a joint session of Congress
4-8-1977
Jimmy Carter's first address to a joint session of Congress. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Jimmy Carter's First Address To Congress
4-8-1977
Jimmy Carter's first address to a joint session of Congress. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Bush sets forth the specific criteria which Saddam Hussein must fulfill if the UN will agree to a ceasefire in the Gulf War
2-22-1991
Bush sets forth the specific criteria which Saddam Hussein must fulfill if the UN will agree to a ceasefire in the Gulf War. Iraq must begin its pullout within 24 hours.


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Bush says Saddam Hussein is claiming to be withdrawing, while he is in fact retreating and trying to claim victory
2-26-1991
Bush says Saddam Hussein is claiming to be withdrawing, while he is in fact retreating and trying to claim victory. He adds that Hussein is not interested in peace, but in salvaging most of his army to fight another day. He has no remorse.


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Bush declares a ceasefire to occur
2-27-1991
At 9 pm in the oval office, Bush declares a ceasefire to occur at midnight and announces the conditions necessary for a permanent cessation of hostilities between the U.S.-led coalition in the Persian Gulf and Suddam Hussein's Iraqi army.


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Bush thanks the American people for their support of the recent Persian Gulf War
3-1-1991
Bush begins by thanking the American people for their support of the recent Persian Gulf War, and describes the next day's meeting of top US and Iraqi military and of UN meetings in New York. Secretary Baker leaving for a tour of Middle Eastern nations. Answers questions about targetting Saddam Hussain, Iraqi territory, atrocity stories, Jordan's postwar role, reparations, bankrolling rebuilding of Iraq, political futures for Schwarzkopf and Powell, future arms sales, the role of the Soviets.


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Bush tells the crew of the carrier America that the servicemen will get the support of the shipbuilders and the American public
1-31-1989
Bush tells the crew of the carrier America in Norfolk, Virginia that the servicemen will get the support of the shipbuilders and the American public. This is his first Presidential speech outside of Washington, D.C.


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Bush speaks at memorial services in Norfolk, Virginia
4-24-1989
Bush speaks at memorial services in Norfolk, Virginia for the 47 men who died in an explosion on the USS Iowa.


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News Conference To Announce The Resignation Of Bert Lance
9-21-1977
News conference to announce the resignation of Bert Lance. The news conference begins with the reading of Lance's letter to Carter. Carter answers questions, some tearfully, about his own standards for behavior of his official family, refers to Lance as a brother, and says there will be no one as good to replace him. "Nothing I have heard or read has shaken my belief in his integrity." Broadcast on a CBS TV News Special.


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Address To The American People
11-8-1977
Address to the American People. In his third prime-time address to the American people, on election night 1977, Carter talks about his energy policy currently being debated in both House and Senate committees cites startling facts e.g. two years of food exports pay for only one year of oil imports, tells of canceling his overseas trip to see his legislation through, says the Japanese, British, Germans, and French have all cut oil imports, while U.S. imports have gone up by 40 percent, says he will offer economic incentives to the oil industry only for new oil, and asks each American family to conserve. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Excerpt From His Four-Way Television Interview
12-28-1977
Excerpt from his four-way television interview. Carter tells the conditions necessary for balancing the budget by 1981. Broadcast on CBS-TV.


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First State Of The Union Address
1-19-1989
First state of the union address. Carter calls for a tax cut of 25 billion dollars, bringing cuts to 96 percent of the taxpayers. He reports that the U.S. is sound militarily, politically, economically, and spiriually, and calls for limiting the role and functions of government. He cites the lowest unemployment rate since 1974 and the diminishing rate of inflation, and says the standard of living is up for almost all Americans. He calls for clearer writing in government documents, says U.S. foreign policy, if it errs at all, should err in the direction of being overly candid, and discusses the SALT talks, Panama, and the Middle East. With the voices of John Hart, James Malloy, and Tip O'Neill.


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President Clinton's fifth State of the Union address
1-27-1998
President Clinton's fifth State of the Union address covers a myriad of issues: medicine, education, social security, the environment, and Iraq.


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Republican Response to President Carter's State of the Union Message
1-27-1978
Republican response to President Carter's State of the Union message. With William Brock, Pete Domenici, John Rhodes, Howard Baker, Millicent Fenwick, and Barber Conable.


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Jimmy Carter Makes Promise to the Democratic National Committee
1-1-1700
Jimmy Carter promises the Democratic National Committee that they will find him much more cooperative in his second year in office than he was in his first. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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President Carter's Economic Message
4-11-1978
President Carter's economic message. Carter opposes special interests in tax cuts, and favors tax credits for school tuition and holding the line on federal salary increases. He also talks about highway and urban transit, farm legislation, the postal service, and spending, and says he has not definitely planned to run for re-election and is disappointed in the slowness of the legislative process at the national level. Broadcast on CBS TV.


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Jimmy Carter Addresses the 1978 Graduating Class of Annapolis
6-7-1978
Jimmy Carter addresses the 1978 graduating class of Annapolis. Carter talks about U.S.-Soviet relations, human rights, cultural exchange, SALT II, differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. He compares the militaries of the U.S. and the Soviet Union, saying that the U.S. and its allies are capable of adequate defense. He talks about peace and prosperity in Africa, and damns Soviet and Cuban involvement in Africa. Broadcast on WKAR.


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Jimmy Carter Talks About Jazz Music and Racism
6-18-1978
Jimmy Carter talks about jazz music and racism, and clowns around with musicians at a jazz festival on the White House lawn. Broadcast on CBS TV News.


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Jimmy Carter Proclaims The Federal Loan Intended To Help Raise New York City From Bankruptcy
8-9-1978
Jimmy Carter proclaims the federal loan intended to help raise New York City from bankruptcy.


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Jimmy Carter Gives a Speech on Inflation
10-24-1978
Jimmy Carter gives a speech on inflation with commentary by reporters Frank Reynolds and Dan Coortz.


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Jimmy Carter Campaigns in New York City
11-2-1978
Jimmy Carter campaigns in New York City on the issues of inflation, and meets for lunch with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Broadcast on CBS TV News.


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Gerald R. Ford's Father of the Year Award Acceptance
6-14-1974
Gerald R. Ford's acceptance of the Father of the Year award.


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A Congressional Committee Newsclip Played at Gerald Ford's Inauguration
8-9-1974
An old news clip played on Ford's Inauguration Day in which Representative Gerald Ford appears before a Congressional committee which passes on him as a possible Vice President.


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Gerald Ford Refuses to Comment on Nixon's Innocence or Guilt
8-6-1974
Gerald Ford refuses to comment on Nixon's innocence or guilt. With reporter Ron Nessen.


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Gerald Ford Speaks at the V.F.W. Convention Concerning the Vietnam War
8-9-1974
Gerald Ford speaks at the V.F.W. National Convention in Chicago. Ford speaks on U.S. government policy the Vietnam war and conscientious objectors. Introduction by Commander Ray Sodden.


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State of the Union Address 1979
1-23-1979
State of the union address 1979. Carter speaks on the economy government politics and the SALT treaty.


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Jimmy Carter Talks to Harrisburg, Virginia
4-2-1979
Jimmy Carter talks to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania residents about the meltdown of the nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island. Broadcast on ABC TV News.


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Jimmy Carter's Speech on Energy to the National Association of Counties in Kansas City
7-16-1979
Jimmy Carter's speech on energy to the National Association of Counties in Kansas City.


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Carter's State of the Union Address in 1980
1-23-1980
Carter's State of the Union Address in 1980. With an introduction by Tip O'Neill.


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Press Conference Excerpts.
6-13-1977
Press conference excerpts. Broadcast on CBS-TV.


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Carter at Chicago Press Conference
5-25-1978
Chicago press conference. Carter blames Cuba and Angola for the Katangan attack on Zaire. He thinks Soviet involvement in Africa makes it difficult for him to sell arms limitation agreement to Congress and the people.


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Press Conference Held in Prime Time
7-10-1978
Press conference held in prime time (8 p.m.). Broadcast on NBC TV.


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Gerald Ford Speaks on Global Economy to the World Banking and International Monetary Fund Conference
9-30-1974
Gerald Ford tells delegates to the World Banking and International Monetary Fund conference that they are meeting in troubled times for the world's economy. Broadcast on CBS-TV.


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Gerald Ford Comments on Turkish Aid Reduction
10-11-1974
Gerald Ford tells a Detroit Republican fund-raising audience that cutting aid to Turkey as a punitive action was a grave mistake.


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Gerald Ford Speaks with Emperor Hirohito in Japan
11-19-1974
Gerald Ford speaks at a banquet with Emperor Hirohito in Japan.


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Gerald Ford Appears Before the House Subcommittee on Criminal Justice of the House Judiciary Committee Concerning the Pardon of President Nixon
10-17-1974
Appearance before the House Subcommittee on Criminal Justice of the House Judiciary Committee concerning pardon of former President Nixon by Gerald Ford. Includes the voices of William Hungate, Peter Rodino, Edward Hutchinson, Henry P. Smith, Don Edwards, David Dennis, James Mann, Wiley Mayne, Elizabeth Holtzman, Lawrence J. Hogan, Robert Kastenmeier, and Walter Cronkite.


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Gerald Ford Talks About the Arms Limitation Pact After Returning From Russia
11-25-1974
Gerald Ford talks about the arms limitation pact after his return from Russia.


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Gerald Ford Speaks About Trade
12-4-1974
Gerald Ford speaks about trade as a bread and butter issue.


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Gerald Ford Discusses the International Oil Crisis after Meeting with President Giscard d'Estaing in Martinique
12-17-1974
Gerald Ford discusses the international oil crisis. Ford speaks about the international oil crisis upon returning from his Martinique meetings with President Giscard d'Estaing.


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Gerald Ford Speaks on Southeast Asia
3-6-1975
Gerald Ford tells a press conference that we cannot abandon Southeast Asia.


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Gerald Ford Speaks of the Domino Theory in Relation to Southeast Asia
3-18-1975
Gerald Ford validates the domino theory by telling of the Thai request that U.S. forces leave southeast Asia. Ford speaks at Notre Dame University.


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Gerald Ford Speaks in Cracow, Poland
7-29-1975
Gerald Ford tells an audience in Krakow, Poland that Polish-Americans are justly proud of Kosciusko, a native of that city and a hero of wars of independence in both Poland and the United States.


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Gerald Ford Comments on Russian Presence in Angola and Speaks of Foreign Policy
1-5-1976
Gerald Ford tells a farm convention that Russia should withdraw from Angola. Ford also states that foreign policy disagreements between the United States and Russia should not hinder grain sales to Russia.


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Gerald Ford's Address at the United Nations
9-17-1974
Gerald Ford's address at the United Nations. Ford states that to help world peace the United States will cooperate on oil and food energy.


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Gerald Ford Speaks to the 4-H Convention in Kansas City
10-15-1974
Gerald Ford delivers an economic message to the 4-H convention in Kansas City, Missouri.


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Gerald Ford Speaks in Atlanta Concerning Cooperation with Congress over Matters of Economy
2-4-1975
Gerald Ford tells a group in Atlanta that he will cooperate with the 94th Congress in every way on the economy. Ford also says the Congress has either got to approve his programs or suggest viable alternatives.


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Gerald Ford Pushes Tax Cut During a Speech At John Dunlop's Swearing In
3-18-1975
Gerald Ford, on the occasion of the swearing in of John Dunlop as Secretary of Labor, reiterates his insistence on an immediate tax cut. Elford Cederberg says President Ford opposes any new spending.


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Gerald Ford Comments on Tax Relief and Government Expenditures
10-2-1975
Gerald Ford says that he seeks a formula to tie the extended tax relief to a program for keeping government expenditures down.


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Gerald Ford Speaks Before the National Press Concerning NYC Bankruptcy
10-29-1975
Excerpt from a speech by Gerald Ford before the National Press Club concerning the bankruptcy of New York City and the attitude of the Federal government.


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Gerald Ford's Press Conference about His Trip to the Soviet Union and the Economy
12-2-1974
Gerald Ford's press conference about his recent trip to the Soviet Union and about the economy.


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Gerald Ford Speaks on New York's Economic Difficulties and the Government's Response
10-30-1975
Gerald Ford tells a southern California Republican audience that he will not knuckle under and give handouts to the city of New York.


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Gerald Ford Vetoes Tax Cut Bill and Advises Congress on Its Reform
12-17-1975
Gerald Ford vetoes Congress' tax cut bill. Ford urges Congress to return a tax cut coupled with a cut in Federal spending.


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Gerald Ford Discusses Tax Cut Bill
3-29-1975
Gerald Ford discusses the tax cut bill which was larger than he wishes, and says that Congress must now yield on federal spending.


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Gerald Ford Is Sworn In as President by Chief Justice Burger
8-9-1974
Gerald Ford is sworn in as President of the United States by Chief Justice Burger.


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Gerald Ford's First Presidential Speech to Congress
8-12-1974
Gerald Ford's first speech to Congress as President.


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Gerald Ford Announces Nelson Rockefeller as His Nominee for Vice-President
8-20-1974
Gerald Ford announces his nominee for Vice-President, Nelson Rockefeller.


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Bush celebrates the 200th anniversary of the Department of Defense
8-7-1989
Bush celebrates the 200th anniversary of the Department of Defense, reaffirming support for S.D.I. and speaking of the sacrifice of Marine Lt. Colonel William Higgins, who disappeared on February 17, 1988, while serving as the Chief, Observer Group Lebanon and Senior Military Observer, United States Military Observer Group, United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (Palestine).


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Bush introduces the fourfold plan
2-6-1989
Bush introduces the fourfold plan to rescue failing thrift institutions by issuing bonds rather than having a depositor's fee, and by tightening regulations on speculation by institutions.


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Gerald Ford Speaks on Draft Evaders and Military Deserters
9-16-1974
Gerald Ford explains his program for bringing war resisters back up to the United States. Ford also signs clemency for Vietnam draft-evaders.


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George Bush delivers his budget message to a joint session of Congress
2-9-1989
George Bush delivers his budget message to a joint session of Congress calling for increased spending in education drug control and the environment and reduced spending for the military with introduction by Jim Wright.


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Gerald Ford Tells a Grand Rapids Crowd That They Are Representative of America
10-29-1974
Gerald Ford tells a crowd at Calder Plaza, Grand Rapids, Michigan, that "You're a good cross-section of America."


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Gerald Ford's State of the Union Address
1-15-1975
President Gerald Ford gives the State of the Union address.


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Bush signs a bill reforming and refinancing the savings and loan organizations
8-9-1989
Bush signs a bill reforming and refinancing the savings and loan organizations, and singles out Don Riegle and Henry Gonzales for particular thanks.


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Gerald Ford Declares His Intentions to Run For the 1976 Presidency
2-2-1975
Ford will not cut the military budget but will make the United States invulnerable to the whims of foreign oil interests.


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Gerald Ford Delivers the 188th State of the Union Address
1-19-1976
Gerald Ford delivers the 188th State of the Union address.


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Gerald Ford Uses Comments on His Official Portrait to Make a Statement About Politicians
4-25-1975
Gerald Ford says that he likes his official portrait which shows him with his hands in his pocket, and says that as a fiscal conservative he approves of any politician whose hand is in his own pocket.


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Gerald Ford Nominates John Paul Stevens for Supreme Court
11-28-1975
Gerald Ford nominates John Paul Stevens to replace William O. Douglas on the Supreme Court.


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Twenty-seventh press conference of Bush's administration
11-7-1989
Press conference on the budget. Twenty-seventh press conference of Bush's administration. Bush lays blame on a partisan Congress for the failure of capital gains tax reduction. He answers questions about Central America, the Pentagon, Nancy Reagan's autobiography, negative campaigning, and relations with China.


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Gerald Ford's Third State of the Union Address
1-13-1977
The third State of the Union address by Gerald Ford. He discusses his presidential career, the economy, peace, respect for government, and the balance of powers.


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Gerald Ford Comments on the Bombing at LaGuardia Airport.
12-30-1975
Gerald Ford comments on the bombing at La Guardia Airport.


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Gerald Ford Speaks at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
7-4-1976
Gerald Ford speaks at Valley Forge Pennsylvania and declares the site of the famous Revolutionary War encampment a national park.


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Gerald Ford Talks about Swine Flu Immunization
7-20-1976
Gerald Ford tells of plans to proceed with mass immunization against swine flu.


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Gerald Ford States His Opinion on Abortion
8-8-1976
Gerald Ford tells 100,000 persons gathered in JFK Stadium in Philadelphia for an Ecumenical Congress that he is opposed to abortion.


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Gerald Ford Is Sworn in as President of the United States
8-9-1974
Gerald Ford is sworn in as President of the United States. He promises an open administration and asks nation's sympathy for the Nixons.


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Gerald Ford Promises to Improve the Economy without Inflation
2-1-1976
Gerald Ford promises to bring America out of economic depression without returning to double-digit inflation.


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Gerald Ford's 14th Press Conference
5-6-1975
Press conference. Gerald Ford responds to questions from Helen Thomas, Frances Lewine, Peter Lisagor, Lou Cannon, Mary McGrory, John Cochran, Bob Schieffer, Tom Jarriel, Forrest Boyd, James Deakin, Phil Jones, Jack Nelson, and others, in his 14th press conference.


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Albert Gore Celebrates the Anniversary of the Moon Landing
7-20-1994
In a White House ceremony, Vice President Al Gore celebrates the silver anniversary of the astronauts landing on the moon, and introduces speakers Neil Armstrong and Bill Clinton. Armstrong and Clinton honor all astronauts and cosmonauts and young persons aspiring to join their ranks, and Clinton pledges to continue the space program.


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Gerald Ford Answers Questions in a Press Conference
6-9-1975
Gerald Ford answers questions on many topics in a press conference. Questions from Frank Cormier, Helen Thomas, Tom Jarriel, Bob Schieffer, Tom Browkaw, Daniel Schorr, Peter Lisagor, Marjorie Hunter, Forrest Boyd, Tom DeFrank, Fred Barnes, John Mashek, and a summary by Barry Serafin.


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Gerald Ford's 20th News Conference
10-9-1975
Gerald Ford discusses many topics during the 20th news conference. With questions from Helen Thomas, Frank Cormier, Peter Lisagor, Hobart Rowen, Ann Compton, Fred Barnes, Walter Rodgers, Tom DeFrank, Bob Schieffer, Philip Shabecoff, Aldo Beckman, John Cochran, and Barry Serafin.


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Bush delivers his message on the budget
10-2-1990
Bush delivers his message on the budget. President Bush calls the deficit a cancer and calls the budget reduction plan the best one available at this time.


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Gerald Ford's 28th Press Conference
2-17-1976
Gerald Ford's 28th press conference. With the voices of Frank Cormier, Helen Thomas, Tom Jarriel, Fred Barnes, Aldo Beckman, Forrest Boyd, Esther Van Wagoner Tufty, Tom DeFrank, Walter Rodgers, Bob Schieffer, Frances Lewine, Clifford Evans and Barry Serafin. Ford speaks about the CIA, China, Reagan,his personal finances, Congressional press leaks, the new-jobs bill, the FBI, golfing at the no-women-allowed Burning Tree golf course, and inflation.


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Bush talks about the budget-reduction process to a group of young White House interns
10-18-1990
Bush talks about the budget-reduction process to a group of young White House interns, giving them a lesson in both economics and politics.


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Press Conference about Gerald Ford's Integrity and Accusations Brought Against Him
10-14-1976
Press conference about Ford's integrity and the accusations about him before the Watergate special prosecutor.


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Bush Speaks on the Issue of Drugs
9-1-1989
Bush deals with drugs in his first presidential address from the oval office.


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Bush addresses the National Baptist Convention in New Orleans
9-8-1989
Bush addresses the National Baptist Convention in New Orleans on the needs of the black community and the scourge of drugs.


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Bush speaks to the Governors' Conference on Education at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville
9-27-1989
Bush speaks to the Governors' Conference on Education at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. He begins with allusions to Jefferson's vision of free public education, talks about the crisis facing education today, and convenes the governors for a series of meetings to seek solutions.


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Bush speaks to a luncheon for legislators
1-20-1989
Bush speaks to a luncheon for legislators following his inauguration and preceding his inaugural parade.


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Inauguration of George Bush as President of the United States
1-20-1989
Inauguration of George Bush as President of the United States. Senator Wendell Ford is Master of Ceremonies; Billy Graham delivers the invocation and the blessing; the Harlan Boys' Choir and Alvy Powell sing; Sandra Day O'Connor swears in Dan Quayle; Chief Justice Rehnquist swears in George Bush. In Bush's inaugural address, which is 20 minutes long, he begins with a prayer, thanks Ronald Reagan, addresses the problems of drugs, homelessness, crime, education, unwed mothers, the deficit, Vietnam-born guilt and divisiveness, and talks of new harmony with Congress and the Soviets, and a greater tolerance of all Americans for one another.


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Bush speaks at Elmendorf Air Force Base
2-22-1989
Bush speaks at Elmendorf Air Force Base en route to attend Emperor Hirohito's funeral in Tokyo. Bush praises Alaskan rugged individualism.


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Bush announces ecological and economic programs to help those affected by the Exxon oil spill in the Prince William Sound in Alaska
4-7-1989
Bush announces ecological and economic programs to help those affected by the Exxon oil spill in the Prince William Sound in Alaska. He also answers questions from reporters, saying that he will send the clean-up bill to Exxon, although armed forces personnel will be sent to help.


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Bush introduces his nominee for administrator of NASA, Richard Truly
4-12-1989
Bush introduces his nominee for administrator of NASA, Richard Truly.


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Bush speaks on environmental issues
6-12-1989
Bush speaks on environmental issues, outlining his proposal for a clean air act that would cut emissions of sulphur dioxide by half by the year 2000, and pledging clean air in all U.S. cities by the century's end.


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Bush addresses an audience in Kelly, Wyoming on wildlife and environmental issues
6-13-1989
Bush addresses an audience in Kelly, Wyoming on wildlife and environmental issues. He announces his nominee to head the clean air project, Wyoming's John Turner. He also talks about the need to rally people to preserve the country's natural areas, fisheries and wildlife, and talks about fishing on his birthday.


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Bush unveils his anti-crime package
6-15-1989
Bush unveils his anti-crime package at Glynco, Georgia, to the new graduates of the Law Enforcement Center.


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Bush celebrates the twenty-fifth anniversary of President Johnson's civil rights law
6-30-1989
Bush celebrates the twenty-fifth anniversary of President Johnson's civil rights law, reaffirming support of minority outreach and affirmative action programs.


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Bush proposes legislation to make desecration of the American flag a crime
6-30-1989
Bush proposes legislation to make desecration of the American flag a crime.


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President George Bush's first State of the Union Address
1-31-1990
President George Bush's first State of the Union Address. Frequently interrupted by applause following statements on the freedom of Panama, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovaki, and proposals regarding the homeless and disabled, the American worker, and improving high schools while aiming at a 90% graduation rate by 2000, cut Capital gains tax, preserve social security, get health costs under control, rid the land of bigotry and hate, cutting armed forces in Europe to 190,000. Cites 70% more funds for fighting drugs. Encourages Americans to talk with their grandparents.


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President Coolidge Discusses Law and Order
1-1-1919
Calvin Coolidge gives a speech on law and order, in which he talks about opposing "imported ideas" and calls for "prosecution of the criminals and education of the ignorant."


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Transportation Secretary, Samuel Skinner, and President George Bush articulate new plans
3-8-1990
Transportation Secretary, Samuel Skinner, and President George Bush articulate new plans for expanding and improving America's transportation systems at a press conference.


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Bush promises the appointment of an honest National Labor Relations Board
4-18-1989
Bush promises the appointment of an honest National Labor Relations Board. Speech delivered at the convention of the Building and Construction Trades Conference of the AFL-CIO.


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Speech to Latin American political and economic leaders discusses trade
6-27-1990
Speech to Latin American political and economic leaders discusses trade. Announces the Enterprise for the Americas initiative, whose three pillars are Trade, Investment, and Debt.


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Signs the Americans with Disabilities Act into law, enfranchising handicapped citizens
7-26-1990
Signs the Americans with Disabilities Act into law, enfranchising handicapped citizens.


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Bush nominates Robert Gates to succeed William Webster as head of the CIA
5-14-1991
Bush nominates Robert Gates to succeed William Webster as head of the CIA. Bush answers press questions regarding Gates' involvement in Irangate, and Middle East disarmament negotiations. Gates says he is grateful for the nomination.


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Bush introduces his nominee for associate justice of the Supreme Court, Clarence Thomas
7-1-1991
Bush introduces his nominee for associate justice of the Supreme Court, Clarence Thomas. Bush also answers reporters' questions on a variety of issues.


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Segment of the President's weekly radio address
9-7-1991
Segment of the President's weekly radio address dedicated to supporting the nomination of Clarence Thomas for Justice of the Supreme Court.


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Asks that the press and the nation not play the "blames game" regarding the causes of racial unrest
5-6-1992
Asks that the press and the nation not play the "blames game" regarding the causes of racial unrest such as that which led to the "Rodney King riots", in a statement to newspaper editors and at a press conference.


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President's address to the nation responding to the "Rodney King riots" in Los Angeles
4-20-1992
President's address to the nation responding to the "Rodney King riots" in Los Angeles tells what steps the federal government will take in riot control and the prevention on the causes of racial unrest. He has sent Justice department prosecutors to explore a federal civil rights case against the four officers found not guilty.


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President Bush's statement about the verdict in the Rodney king beating case
4-30-1992
President Bush's statement about the verdict in the Rodney king beating case and the rioting in los Angeles which followed its announcement.


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Second prime-time press conference of his four year administration begins with an appeal for a balanced budget amendment
6-4-1992
Second prime-time press conference of his four year administration begins with an appeal for a balanced budget amendment. Much of the Q-and-A session deals with the possible presidential candidacy of H. Ross Perot.


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Joint press conference President Bush announces a $10 billion package of loan
8-11-1992
Joint press conference President Bush announces a $10 billion package of loan guarantees to help settle new immigrants.


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Eisenhower's Second Inaugural Address
1-21-1957
Eisenhower's second inaugural address.


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President Eisenhower Speaks on Amending Section 407 of the Civil Rights Bill
7-31-1957
Eisenhower's remarks on amending Section 407 of the Civil Rights Bill.


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Eisenhower's
6-26-1957
The "clean bomb" press conference.


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Eisenhower Expresses Confidence in the U.S. During Recession
2-24-1958
Excerpt from news conference by Dwight Eisenhower. Eisenhower expresses confidence in the country during the recession.


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Eisenhower Talks about Secretary Benson and the Farm Problem
2-26-1958
Excerpt from a news conference by President Eisenhower. Eisenhower talks about Secretary Benson and the farm problem.


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Eisenhower Discusses the Explorer III and Space Exploration in General
3-26-1958
Eisenhower discusses with scientists the Explorer III imperfect orbit and space exploration in general.


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Eisenhower Speaks Against New Government Work Projects
3-18-1958
Excerpts of Eisenhower's speech against new government work projects to aid fighting the recession.


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Eisenhower's Farewell Address to the Nation
1-17-1961
Eisenhower's farewell address to the nation reviewing his eight years as president.


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Eisenhower Speaks Upon His Return from Geneva
1-1-1955
Eisenhower's statement made upon his return from a summit conference in Geneva.


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Dwight Eisenhower Reports on NATO and Possible Nuclear Disarmament Agreement
4-14-1956
Dwight Eisenhower reports, with John Foster Dulles, on NATO, and the possibility of a nuclear disarmament agreement with the Soviets.


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Eisenhower's Speech at SHAPE Headquarters
12-17-1957
Eisenhower's speech while revisiting SHAPE Headquarters.


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Sherman Adams Announces His Resignation
9-22-1958
Sherman Adams announces his resignation as assistant to President Eisenhower.


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Bush says the United States is willing to reduce weapons and troops in Europe
6-2-2003
Bush says the United States is willing to reduce weapons and troops in Europe if the Russians will agree to parallel reductions. He speaks at Portsmouth, New Hampshire on his return from NATO meetings in Europe.


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Bush deplores the use of force to suppress dissent in China
6-5-1989
Bush deplores the use of force to suppress dissent in China.


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Bush answers questions about a possible a summit with Gorbachev
7-6-1989
Bush answers questions about a possible a summit with Gorbachev, international meetings on cleaning up the environment, Gorbachev's popularity in Europe, the role of Solidarity, interference in the internal affairs of other nations, access to Japanese markets, and Oliver North's sentence.


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Bush Speaks on the Paris Economic Summit
7-10-1989
Bush calls the Paris Economic Summit a success and answers questions.


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Bush addresses the Polish Parliament in Warsaw
7-10-1989
Bush addresses the Polish Parliament in Warsaw, praising Poland's past and its current movement towards pluralism and democracy.


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Bush offers a toast to the Hungarian people
7-10-1989
Bush offers a toast to the Hungarian people.


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Bush Speaks in the Netherlands
7-17-1989
Bush speaks in the Netherlands. He cites the Netherlands as a model for the early government of the United States, and praises the city of Leyden where the Pilgrim Fathers stopped before sailing to the New World, pledging the beginning of a new cooperation for social and economic growth.


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Bush speaks to the crowd greeting him
7-18-1989
Bush speaks to the crowd greeting him as he returns by helicopter to the White House from ten days abroad at this Paris Economic Summit and trips to Hungary Poland and the Netherlands.


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Bush comments on the revolution in Panama
10-3-1989
Bush comments on the revolution in Panama and says that the coup against Noriega has no U.S. sponsorship.


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Press conference dealing with Nelson Mandela and South Africa
2-12-1990
Press conference dealing with Nelson Mandela and South Africa, the unification of Germany, and other topics. Bush begins with an opening statement concerning his defense bill and Secretary Baker's trip to the Eastern bloc.


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Press conference at the Colombian airport following the Drug War Summit in Barranquilla
2-15-1990
Press conference at the Colombian airport following the Drug War Summit in Barranquilla. International strategy for drug control includes economic assistance of 2.2 billion dollars. Outlines the agreements among the USA and the presidents of the three Andean nations. Answers questions about trade problems interdiction.


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Joint Press conference following a meeting at Key Largo
4-19-1990
Joint Press conference following a meeting at Key largo to discuss the recent changes in Eastern Europe, in a unified Germany, in Franco-American friendship, the reexamination of the structure of NATO, the dialog between Russia and Lithuania.


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Joint Press conference held at the White House by the Presidents of the USA and the USSR
6-3-1990
Joint Press conference held at the White House by the Presidents of the USA and the USSR.


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President Bush calls a press conference in Huntsville, Alabama
6-13-1990
President Bush calls a press conference in Huntsville, Alabama to announce the suspension of US dialogues with the Palestine Liberation Organization, following the recent terrorist invasion of Israel. Bush also answers questions on a variety of topics, including the savings and loan bailout.


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Press conference to announce the president's plan for relief to Kurdish refugees
4-16-1991
Press conference to announce the president's plan for relief to Kurdish refugees. It ends with a question and answer session covering the situation in the Middle East and ongoing shifts in the Soviet Union and in U.S. relations with the Russians.


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President Bush welcomes Queen Elizabeth to the United States
5-16-1991
President Bush welcomes Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain to the United States.


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Bush announces the passage of fast-track free-trade legislation
5-23-1991
Bush announces the passage of fast-track free-trade legislation, enabling the White House to sets its own regulations for Yucatan-to-Yukon trading.


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Bush answers reporters' questions about bilateral disarmament
7-17-1991
Bush answers reporters' questions about bilateral disarmament, US-Soviet relations, and meetings face-to-face with Mikhail Gorbachev.


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Press conference at Kennebunkport on the day that the Russians overthrew the Gorbachev government
8-19-1991
Press conference at Kennebunkport on the day that the Russians overthrew the Gorbachev government, speaks tentatively about the steps the west can take in the next few days.


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Bush reacts to the overthrow of Mikhail Gorbachev
8-19-1919
Bush reacts to the overthrow of the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.


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Bush reports on the end of the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev
8-21-1991
Bush reports on what appears to be the end of the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev. He describes his conversation with Boris Yeltsin earlier in the morning and telephone conversations with Robert Strauss in Moscow and John Major in London.


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Bush reports on a telephone conversation with Mikhail Gorbachev
8-21-1991
Bush reports on a telephone conversation with Mikhail Gorbachev, in which Gorbachev announced that he will soon return to Moscow to resume his governmental duties.


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President Bush's press conference on the day of Gorbachev's full return to power in the Soviet Union
8-22-1991
At Kennebunkport, a press conference on the day of Gorbachev's full return to power in the Soviet. Baker sees the possibility of expanding the US/Russian agenda.


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Joint press conference in which President Bush and the British Prime Minister talk about aid to Eastern Europe
8-29-1991
Joint press conference Kennebunkport in which the President of the USA and the British Prime Minister talk about aid to Eastern Europe, freedom for the Baltic nations, and sending Am/Brit "know how" in agriculture, engineering, economics to the Soviet Union.


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President Bush speaks from the oval office, outlining the plans for major disarmament along with the Soviet Union
9-28-1991
Prime time speech from the oval office outlines the plans for major disarmament along with the Soviet Union, and in some cases, unilaterally. Also outlines what will remain: nuclear and "star wars" capacity. Warns that this disarmament will not bring savings in tax dollars in the short run, that the "peace dividend" is peace itself.


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President Bush in a press conference about the economy
12-19-1991
Press conference on the economy. Begins with announcement that he and ten American business leaders embark for the Orient to "level the playing field with our trading partners".


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Anne Wexler Comments on Her New Job as Presidential Assistant in the White House Staff
4-20-1978
Anne Wexler tells how she perceives her new job as presidential assistant in the White House staff.


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President Bush tells an international press conference about the extent and purpose of American and NATO participation in internal conflicts in Eastern Europe
7-1-1992
President Bush tells an international press conference about the extent and purpose of American and NATO participation in internal conflicts in Eastern Europe.


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President Bush in a Joint Press Conference in the White House Rose Garden
6-16-2003
Joint press conference in the White House Rose Garden announces new reductions in weapons to be completed before 2003, with US aid in helping the Russians destroy their ballistic missile systems.


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U.S. and Russian Presidents speak on the White House lawn during Yeltsin's US visit
6-16-1992
U.S. and Russian Presidents speak on the White House lawn during Yeltsin's US visit. Bush stresses the partnership for peace between the two peoples. Yeltsin comes not as a supplicant but with proposals for cooperation.


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President George Bush announces that in compliance with a United Nations resolution, United States armed forces are being sent to Somalia
12-4-1992
President George Bush announces that in compliance with a United Nations resolution, United States armed forces are being sent to Somalia to guarantee the foodstuffs sent there will in fact reach the starving people for whom they are intended.


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President Bush addresses the corps of cadets at West Point about the role of military leadership in the post-Cold War world
1-5-1993
President Bush addresses the corps of cadets at West Point about the role of military leadership in the post-Cold War world. Explains issues of force overseas during his administration. Defines the legacy of internationalism which his generation leaves to the new officers.


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George Bush's First Presidential Press Conference
1-27-2003
First presidential press conference. The questions cover the minimum wage, Congressional raises, star wars, Afghan rebels, Bush's easy first week on the job, William Bennett's role in the administration, corporate debt, ethics in government, Reagan's post-presidency income, abortion, relations with Iran, affirmative action, capital gains tax, drugs, and the savings and loan crisis.


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George Bush speaks to high school students brought into the White House by the Close-Up Foundation
3-29-1989
George Bush speaks to high school students brought into the White House by the Close-Up Foundation. He answers questions about education, drugs, the budget decentralization, and international studies.


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George Bush addresses newspaper publishers in Chicago
4-24-1989
George Bush addresses newspaper publishers in Chicago on his first 100 days in office (after 95 days).


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President Bush recaps the high points and achievements of his first year in office
12-11-1989
President recaps the high points and achievements of his first year in office and answers reporters questions about topical issues: Eastern Europe, China, Latin America, child care, and a gamut of domestic and foreign issues. Questioners are not the White House Press Corps, but a national convention of newspaper editorial writers.


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George Bush Gives a Press Conference One Week Prior to the State of the Union Address
1-24-1990
Press conference preceding by a week the State of the Union Address. Opening Statement concerns itself with (1) environmental protection, (He well create a cabinet post for a department of the Environment), and (2) the Chinese students resident in the USA. He calls for Congressional support of his veto of the Pelosi Bill. Answers questions about Gorbachev's precarious political position at home, his opposition to gun contro, the stock market, Polish frontiers, the Moynihan Social Security bill, rumors that Mrs. Bush is pro-choice, abortion, civilian dead in Panama.


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President Bush answers questions about China
3-13-1990
At a press conference, answers questions about China, taxes, aid to Nicaragua, Rep. Gephardt, aid to Panama, interest rates and Alan Greenspan's tenure at the "Fed", the Rostenkowski budget proposal, his own rating in the public opinion polls, alleged telephone call to Iran's Rafsanjani, Gorbachev's new extended powers, Japan, the professional baseball strike, the Texas gubernatorial primaries, marijhuana use, disarmament talks, disagreements between the intelligence and defense officers on Russian "sincerity."


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George Bush tells two brief jokes
3-30-1990
George Bush tells two brief jokes, one about broccoli and one about Iranian leader Rajsanjani.


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Bush answers questions at his first press conference since returning from the Moscow summit for arms reduction
8-2-1991
Bush answers questions at his first press conference since returning from the Moscow summit for arms reduction. The questions concern MIA's, the 1992 presidential election, Bush's upcoming vacation, his health, a dog that ran across the lawn in front of him, Soviet support for our position in Iraq, unemployment benefits, immigrants with AIDS, women in combat, East Jerusalem, Russian assistance to Cuba, civil rights, CIA involvement with the BCCI, Bush's arguments with Congress, and Central and Latin America.


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President Bush in a press conference in Washington on the day following the coup against Gorbachev
8-20-1991
Press conference in Washington on the day following the coup against Gorbachev. Bush says he has been in telephone contact with Boris Yeltsin and is in agreement that Gorbachev is still the constitutional leader of the Soviet Union. Robert Strauss, newly sworn in as Ambassador to Moscow, describes his mission, which calls for candid representation of America's position.


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Bush addresses the United Nations, asking for support against Saddam Hussein and Fidel Castro
9-23-1991
Bush addresses the United Nations, asking for support against Saddam Hussein and Fidel Castro, and asking that the resolution equating Zionism with racism be stricken from the book.


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Bush states that the economy is on the track toward recovery and answers questions about the coup in Haiti
10-4-1991
Bush states that the economy is on the track toward recovery and answers questions about the coup in Haiti, capital gains, unemployment, bum checks in the Congressional cafeteria, the Middle East, William Gates' nomination, interest rates, education, Saddam Hussein, and arms reduction.


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George Bush Speaks on a Pending Civil Rights Bill in a Press Conference
10-25-1991
Press conference begins with announcement that the senate will send him a civil rights bill he is willing to sign. Talks also about the Middle East, capital gains tax cut, job intensive legislative proposals, the confirmation process for appointees, the budget, sexual harassment.


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Bush gives his Veterans' Day address at Arlington National Cemetery
11-11-1991
Bush gives his Veterans' Day address at Arlington National Cemetery. He credits the success of Desert Storm with the rebirth of national respect for Vietnam veterans.


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President Bush on the Death of Communism and America's Victory in the Cold War
1-28-1992
Starts with two one-liners, one about his wife's superior speaking talents, and one about having vomited in Japan. Biggest events in our lives is the death of Communism and America's victory in the Cold War. Kuwait, hostage release, Arab-Israeli peace talks. US now the sole preeminent world power. Will shut down B2 bomber, small ICBM, other missiles including Cruise. Will meet with Boris Yeltsin to eliminate even more. Will cut defense 30% and no more and will press for SDI and more.


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George Bush answers questions from workers at the Evergreen plant in California
6-17-1992
Answers questions from workers at the Evergreen plant in California, following the historic signing of the arms reduction pact with Boris Yeltsin.


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George Bush answers audience questions after delivering his economic message to the Economic Club of Detroit
9-10-1992
Answers audience questions after delivering his economic message to the Economic Club of Detroit.


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George Bush announces his new economic agenda in a speech to the Detroit Economic Club
9-10-1992
George Bush announces his new economic agenda in a speech to the Detroit Economic Club [exerpt]. Promises to cut the White House staff by a third if Congress will do the same.


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George Bush tells the National Guard convention in Salt Lake City that Dan Quayle served for six years in the guard whereas Bill Clinton dodged the draft
9-15-1992
George Bush tells the National Guard convention in Salt Lake City that Dan Quayle served for six years in the guard whereas Bill Clinton dodged the draft.


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Selections from George Bush's valedictory address given at Texas AandM University
12-15-1992
Selections from his valedictory address given at Texas A and M University, where his presidential papers will be housed. He talks about his pride in the achievements of his foreign policy. Asks his sympathetic audience to support incoming President Clinton.


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Colin Powell Accepts an Appointment for a Second Term as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
5-23-1991
Colin Powell accepts an appointment for a second term as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and answers reporters' questions about disagreements in the White House over the conduct of the war in the Gulf. With the voice of President George Bush.


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President Bush presents the highest civilian award
1-13-1993
President Bush presents the highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with Distinction, to his predecessor, the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Reagan.


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President Bush disassociates himself from "sleaze" campaign tactics used by some of his supporters
7-10-1992
President Bush disassociates himself from "sleaze" campaign tactics used by some of his supporters.


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President Bush announces the Secretary of State James Baker will resign
8-13-1992
President Bush announces the Secretary of State James Baker will resign in order to become manager of the Bush re-election campaign, effective August 23.


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President talks in Gulport, Mississippi
8-21-1992
President talks in Gulport, Mississippi the day after accepting the GOP nomination for president.


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Franklin Roosevelt's Fireside Chat Concerning the Growing War in Europe
5-27-1941
Fireside Chat. NBC announcers set the stage for the only FDR fireside chat ever delivered before a live audience. FDR asks for broader powers to protect all of the Americas from the growing war in Europe. Address without the introduction is part of the Voice Library's complete collection of Fireside Chats.


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Radio address to the nation from the White House. Truman explains his position on Taft-Hartley bill after veto of it and his opinions of that legislation.
6-20-1947
Radio address to the nation from the White House. Truman explains his position on Taft-Hartley bill after veto of it and his opinions of that legislation. Broadcast on KDKA.


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Address at Omaha, Nebraska
6-5-1948
Address at Omaha, Nebraska. Truman discusses agricultural problems at a reunion of his former army unit, the 35th Division of the U.S. Army.


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Harry Truman welcomes delegates to the Mid-century White House Conference on Children and Youth.
1-1-1950
Harry Truman welcomes delegates to the Mid-century White House Conference on Children and Youth.


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Harry Truman addresses the Shriners' Convention at Soldiers Field on U.S. aid to impoverished people and American foreign policy
1-1-1945
Harry Truman addresses the Shriners' Convention at Soldiers Field on U.S. aid to impoverished people and American foreign policy.


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Franklin Roosevelt Dedicates a New Bridge in Chicago
10-5-1937
Franklin Roosevelt dedicates a new 355 foot double leaf bridge in Chicago.


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Franklin Roosevelt's Memorial Service
4-14-1945
Memorial service upon Roosevelt's death. City Hall Plaza, New York City.


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Rebroadcast of Speeches by Franklin Roosevelt on the First Anniversary of His Death
4-12-1946
Rebroadcast of speeches by Franklin Roosevelt on the first anniversary of his death, April 12, 1946. America hates war, America hopes for peace, and the 1937 quarantine speech and news clips where Roosevelt calls for new spending and lending program for priming the pump and for consolidating the New Deal. News that Congress voted to build the biggest navy in the world is heard. Static sometimes interferes with broadcast.


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President Kennedy's Inauguration
1-20-1961
Inaugural speech and swearing in ceremony by Earl Warren.


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President Kennedy's Inaugural Address.
1-20-1961
Inaugural address. This is the speech in which Kennedy says, "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."


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President Kennedy takes the oath of office
1-20-1961
John F. Kennedy takes the oath of office as President of the United States.


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President Kennedy's inaugural address
1-20-1961
Inaugural address.


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President Kennedy speaks about world politics
6-6-1961
Address to the nation. The importance of America in world politics.


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President Kennedy speaks about communist philosophy and nations
6-6-1961
Address to the nation. Russian intervention into non-Communist nations and Russian political philosophy.


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President Kennedy speaks about Berlin
1-1-1961
John Kennedy's reports to the crisis in Berlin.


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President Kennedy speaks on the Alliance for Progress
1-1-1961
John F. Kennedy speaks on the Alliance for Progress. Includes the voice of Chet Huntley.


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President Kennedy discusses his reading habits.
1-1-1961
Press conference excerpt. Kennedy discusses his reading habits.


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President Kennedy speaks to the United Nations
1-1-1961
John Kennedy speaks at the United Nations after the death of Dag Hammarsjköld against the Soviet proposal to replace the United Nations secretary with a 3-man troika.


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President Kennedy speaks in Bogata
12-18-1961
Addressing formal dinner in Bogata. Leaders of Latin America must now accept new responsibilities.


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President Kennedy speaks to AFL-CIO
12-1-1961
Excerpts of speech to AFL-CIO in Miami, Florida. Responsibility of labor comments on physical fitness economy balance of trade.


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President Kennedy speaks at a press conference
2-14-1962
Press Conference. Release of Rudolph Abel and Francis Gary Powers British nuclear tests on Easter Island possibility of Kennedy entering Geneva Disarmament automation world-wide arms agreement test ban purpose of summit meetings cost of CIA work censorship of military speeches and Senator Strom Thrumond Viet-Nam Kashmir dispute U.S.-British disarmament agreement offsetting changes in Defense Department spending Red China's place in disarmament lawmaker exchange between U.S. and Russia status of Monroe Doctrine exclusion of Cuba from O.A.S. postponement of Glenn's space flight summer White House at Newport R.I. postal rate increases: Laos situation release of reserves from active duty administration foreign policy.


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President Kennedy discusses steel prices
4-11-1962
Statement by President Kennedy at press conference about the steel price raise.


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President Kennedy speaks about a Medicare Bill
5-20-1962
John Kennedy speaks about his proposed Medicare Bill and its opposition by the Amerian Medical Association.


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President Kennedy speaks about school integration
9-30-1962
Mississippi crisis, an address to the nation.


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President Kennedy speaks about racial tensions
1-1-1962
Address to the nation regarding racial tensions in Birmingham, Alabama.


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President Kennedy addresses the AFL-CIO
1-1-1962
Address to AFL-CIO convention. Kennedy tells humorous anecdotes.


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President Kennedy discusses his job
1-1-1962
Press conference excerpt. Kennedy discusses why he likes being President.


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President Kennedy discusses Barry Goldwater
1-1-1962
Excerpt of John Kennedy's press conference on Senator Barry Goldwater.


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President Kennedy addresses the Newspaper Publishers Convention
1-1-1962
Excerpt from address to Newspaper Publishers Convention. Kennedy discusses the paying of New York Tribune correspondent Karl Marx.


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President Kennedy addresses the National Association of Manufacturers
1-1-1962
Excerpt of a Presidential address to the National Association of Manufacturers' luncheon. Kennedy defends his administration.


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President Kennedy talks about George Smathers
1-1-1962
Press conference excerpt. Kennedy tells anecdotes about Senator George Smathers.


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President Kennedy speaks about space travel
1-1-1962
Kennedy gives a speech on space flight decorates Col. John Glenn predicts the U.S. flag will fly on the moon.


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President Kennedy speaks about Cuba
10-22-1962
Cuba blockade, an address to the nation.


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President Kennedy speaks about Cuban missile crisis
10-23-1962
John F. Kennedy calls for the removal of Russian missiles from Cuba.


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President Kennedy speaks about the Cuban missile crisis
1-1-1962
Speech on the Cuban Missile Crisis. With the voice of Dean Rusk.


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President Kennedy discusses women's rights
1-1-1962
Press conference excerpt. May Craig questions the President on equal rights for women.


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President Kennedy speaks at Christmas tree lighting
12-24-1962
Remarks at ceremonies at the lighting of the Christmas tree near the White House.


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President Kennedy discusses civil rights and James Meredith
1-1-1963
John Kennedy insists on the right of James Meredith to attend the University of Mississippi.


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President Kennedy announces he sent National Guard to University of Alabama
1-1-1700
John F. Kennedy announces that he has sent the National Guard to the University of Alabama to facilitate the enrollment of two black students. Governor Wallace forbids the action at the door. With the voice of Chet Huntley.


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President Kennedy speaks at various press conferences
1-1-1700
Brief clips of humorous responses given by John F. Kennedy at various press conferences on many subjects.


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President Kennedy speaks about remembering Pearl Harbor and the death of FDR
1-1-1963
Excerpt from press conference. Kennedy speaks on the remembrance of Pearl Harbor Day and the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.


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President Kennedy gives Yale commencement address
1-1-1963
John F. Kennedy gives a commencement address at Yale University. In an excerpt from his commencement address Kennedy remarks about his honorary degree.


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President Kennedy says that America is peaceful
1-1-1963
John F. Kennedy gives an answer to a query at a press conference. Kennedy says, "America is a peaceful country."


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President Kennedy addesses U.S. Military Academy graduates
1-1-1963
Excerpt of commencement address at the United States Military Academy. Kennedy reflects on past West Point graduates.


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President Kennedy speaks to high school students from Michigan
1-1-1700
President Kennedy welcomes to the Rose Garden students from Glen Lake (MI) High School who had saved $700 over the years for the class trip and especially Duane Richardson, for whom the class chipped in so he wouldn't miss the visit.


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President Kennedy speaks about nuclear war and the arms race
6-10-1963
Speech at American University. Kennedy calls for a nuclear test ban and a halt to the arms race to insure world peace. With the voice of Dean Rusk.


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President Kennedy Addresses Berlin
6-26-1963
Address at the Berlin City Hall, "Ich bin ein Berliner."


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Lyndon Johnson Speaks on Southeast Asia
5-22-1961
Press conference on return from Asia. Lyndon B. Johnson reports on Southeast Asia.


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Lyndon Johnson Speaks at Gettysburg
7-4-1963
Excerpt of remarks by Lyndon B. Johnson at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.


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Lyndon Johnson Addresses Congress on Matters of Policy
11-27-1963
Address to a Joint Session of Congress on continuation of current U. S. policies under his administration. Transcript of the address included with tape.


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Lyndon B. Johnson's St. Patrick's Day Address
3-17-1964
Lyndon B. Johnson's St. Patrick's Day address.


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Lyndon Johnson Speaks at the United Automobile Workers Convention
3-23-1964
UAW Convention speech. President Johnson asks for help in passing civil rights and a medical bill, talks about the creation of new jobs, the war against poverty, automation, length of work week, and the unwillingness of the administration to intervene in labor disputes.


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Lyndon Johnson Is Awarded an Honorary Degree from the University of Michigan
5-22-1964
University of Michigan commencement. Johnson accepts honorary Doctor of Law degree from University of Michigan President Harlan Hatcher.


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Lyndon Johnson Addresses the Foreign Policy Conference for Education
6-19-1967
Address to the Foreign Policy Conference for Education at the State Department Auditorium in Washington. Address is given prior to the emergency session of the U.N. General Assembly. Introductory remarks by Secretary Dean Rusk.


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Lyndon Johnson's State of the Union Address
1-17-1968
State of the Union message, delivered before a joint session of Congress.


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Lyndon Johnson Speaks About the Death of Martin Luther King
4-4-1968
Message of grief by President Johnson about Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination.


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Lyndon Johnson Speaks About the White House and the Presidency
1-1-1968
Lyndon Johnson speaks about the White House and the Presidency.


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Ronald Reagan Discusses the Matter of Arms Reduction Talks Between the United States and the Soviet Union
9-3-1981
President Reagan says the United States will enter into arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union stating clearly that if the talks fail the Russians will be entering an arms race which they cannot possibly win.


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Ronald Reagan Welcomes Home the Hostages Formerly Held in Iran
1-27-1981
Ronald Reagan's official greetings welcoming home the hostages formerly held in Iran. One of the former hostages speaks, followed by a short speech by President Reagan


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Ronald Reagan Announces His Proposal for Reduction of Nuclear Warheads in Europe
3-30-1983
President Reagan announces his proposal for bilateral reduction of nuclear warheads in Europe.


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Ronald Reagan Accepts the Presidential Nomination for 1984
8-23-1984
Ronald Reagan accepts the presidential nomination for 1984. Reagan cites the achievements of his first term as being growth and prosperity without inflation, strengthening the power and morale of the military, and reawakening patriotism and pride.


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Ronald Reagan Speaks Before the Irish Parliament
6-4-1984
President Reagan speaks before the Irish Parliament. Reagan discusses United States relations with the Soviet Union, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, and the upcoming presidential elections.


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Ronald Reagan Speaks at the Normandy Beachhead, Pointe du Hoc
6-6-1984
Reagan speaks at the Normandy beachhead, Pointe du Hoc. He remembers the gallantry of military on that spot forty years earlier.


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Ronald Reagan Speaks to the Canadian Parliament
3-11-1981
Ronald Reagan speaks to the Canadian Parliament on his first foreign state visit.


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Ronald Reagan Addresses a Joint Session of Congress on U.S. Policy Towards Central American Affairs
4-27-1983
President Reagan addresses a joint session of Congress on U.S. policy towards Central American support of El Salvador opposition to Nicaragua.


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Ronald Reagan Gives a Press Conference Concerning Foreign Relations with Central America
7-26-1983
Reagan press conference. Statements and discussion on Central America and US involvement in wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua.


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Ronald Reagan Addresses the United Nations General Assembly Concerning the Part of the United States in World Peace
9-24-1984
President Reagan address the United Nations General Assembly. Reagan outlines what the United States is doing to bring about world peace and plenty, and his hopes for cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union through periodic and regular consultations.


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Ronald Reagan Makes a Formal Statement After the Freeing of the Hostages from Lebanon
1-1-1885
Ronald Reagan's formal statement after the freeing of the hostages from Lebanon. Reagan promises to pursue those who murdered the hostage and the Marines in El Salvador and to free the seven Americans still held hostage in Lebanon. He puts terrorists on notice that the United States will pursue them. He thanks the Arab nations, Israel and other nations for their help during the hostage crisis. With reporter Bernard Shaw.


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Ronald Reagan Discusses the Results of the Bonn Summit on Economic Matters
5-12-1985
Hits and misses on Reagan's trip. President Reagan discusses the results of the Bonn Summit on economic matters.


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Ronald Reagan Institutes "Drugged and Drunken Driving Awareness Week"
12-13-1983
President Reagan declares the second week in December as "drugged and drunken driving awareness week."


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Ronald Reagan Gives a Presidential News Conference in Chicago
8-12-1986
Ronald Reagan answers questions in a press conference, discussing a possible summit meeting, arms control, South Africa and sanctions, and the Berlin Wall.


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Ronald Reagan Answers a Variety of Questions Concerning Foreign Policy
2-24-1988
President Reagan answers questions about Palestinian rights, hostages held in Lebanon, the proposed Iraqi pipeline, his support for Edwin Meese, restrictive legislation in South Africa, Iran-Contra Affair, trade with the Soviet Union, George Bush's reservations about Irangate, Navy Secretary Webb's resignation, drug charges against Panama's Noriega.


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Ronald Reagan Answers Questions on a Variety of Issues
12-8-1988
Ronald Reagan answers questions about the growing deficit, reductions in social programs, the reduced threat from the USSR, change in the Soviet Union, the toughest and nicest part of his job, the Middle East, the future of the Contras, etc. at his 48th press conference as president.


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Lyndon Johnson Speaks of John F. Kennedy
1-1-1963
Lyndon Johnson recalls John F. Kennedy in his first public address as President of the USA.


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John F. Kennedy Gives a Press Conference Concerning International Incidents
1-1-1700
JFK gives a press conference on the subject of managed news and on international incidents.


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John F. Kennedy Speaks on the Test Ban Treaty
7-26-1963
Excerpt from a speech on the Test Ban Treaty describing the horrors of nuclear warfare.


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John F. Kennedy Addresses the Nation Concerning the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
7-26-1963
John Kennedy addresses the nation on the nuclear Test Ban Treaty.


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John F. Kennedy Addresses the U.N. General Assembly
9-1-1963
Kennedy addresses the U.N. General Assembly on peace plans and other topics.


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John F. Kennedy Addresses the United Nations General Assembly
9-20-1963
Address at Plenary Session no. 1209 United Nations General Assembly in New York.


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John F. Kennedy Speaks to the United Nations
9-20-1963
Speech to the United Nations.


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John F. Kennedy Discusses Nuclear Warfare in a Press Conference
1-1-1963
Excerpt from press conference. Kennedy discusses the anti-missile missle and gives a description of consequences of a nuclear attack.


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John F. Kennedy Reports on His Meeting with Khrushchev
1-1-1700
John Kennedy reports to the nation on his somber joyless but productive meeting with Khrushchev in Vienna.


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Franklin D. Roosevelt's First Fireside Chat
3-12-1933
First Fireside Chat. Franklin D. Roosevelt talks about the banking situation in the U.S. The opening and closing statements are part of this broadcast.


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Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fireside Chat Concerning the U.S. Supreme Court
3-9-1937
Fireside chat about the changes needed in the U.S. Supreme Court.


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Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fireside Chat on the National Defense Program
12-29-1940
Franklin Roosevelt's fireside chat on the national defense program giving reasons for American aid to Britain.


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Franklin Roosevelt's Fireside Chat Concerning National Defense
5-16-1940
Franklin Roosevelt's fireside chat discussing necessity of speed-up in national defense and reviewing accomplishments of military and economic preparedness so far.


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Franklin Roosevelt's Fireside Chat Concerning Pearl Harbor and Its Implications
12-8-1941
Pearl Harbor Day fireside chat: message to the American people on the implications and plans for the war by F.D. Roosevelt.


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Franklin Roosevelt's Address to the Inaugural Session of the 8th Pan American Scientific Congress
5-10-1940
Address to inaugural session of the 8th Pan American Scientific Congress from Constitution Hall Washington D.C.


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Franklin Roosevelt Speaks to Congress About National Defense
5-15-1940
Address to the joint session of Congress. Roosevelt speaks on measures to strengthen the United States' national defense asks for funds for general preparedness.


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Franklin Roosevelt Speaks at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
11-11-1940
Roosevelt speaks at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The President speaks at the grave of the unknown soldier in Arlington Cemetery on Armistice Day 1940. He is proceeded by the chaplain and introduced by the National Chairman of the American Legion's Armistice Day Committee Joseph J. Malloy.


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Franklin Roosevelt Speaks at a Community Christmas Tree Lighting in Washington D.C.
12-24-1940
Remarks at community Christmas tree lighting in Washington D.C.


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Franklin Roosevelt's Inaugural Address
1-20-1941
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Inaugural address, Washington D.C.


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Franklin Roosevelt Speaks at the Second Annual National Farm Day
3-8-1941
Franklin Roosevelt remarks at second annual National Farm Day. Roosevelt stresses the necessity of aiding the warring democracies with farm products.


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Franklin Roosevelt Addresses the Jackson Day Diners Throughout the Country
3-29-1941
Address to the Jackson Day diners throughout the country. The speech is delivered from the Presidential yacht Potomac in Fort Lauderdale waters.


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Franklin Roosevelt Leads the Nation in Prayer for the Troops Landing on Normandy Beaches
6-6-1944
FDR leads the nation in prayer for the troops landing on Normandy beaches on D-Day and a mixed chorus sings popular hymns.


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Franklin Roosevelt Speaks on Allegiance to the Flag
7-4-1941
Franklin Roosevelt speaking from the F.D.R. Library at Hyde Park New York on the subject of allegiance to the flag. Over the CBS radio network including the pledge by Chief Justice Harlan Stone.


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Franklin Roosevelt Speaks to Congress on the Extension of Selective Service, the Reserve, and the National Guard
7-21-1941
Radio talk to the people explaining his message to Congress regarding extension of selective military service, the Reserve, and National Guard.


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Franklin Roosevelt's Labor Day Address
9-6-1941
Labor Day address. Roosevelt compares the U.S. labor's progress to that of Axis powers.


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Franklin Roosevelt Addresses Delegates of the Allied Nations Food Conference
6-7-1943
Address to delegates of United Nations Food Conference from the East Room of the White House.


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Franklin Roosevelt Offers a Prayer on D-Day
6-6-1944
D-Day Prayer. Roosevelt makes an announcement of troops crossing the channel on D-Day and offers a prayer.


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Franklin Roosevelt's Fourth Inaugural Address
1-20-1945
Franklin D. Roosevelt's fourth inaugural address.


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Franklin Roosevelt Speaks on America's Position on the Outbreak of War in Europe
9-3-1939
Radio talk to the nation. Roosevelt speaks on America's position on the outbreak of war in Europe.


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Franklin Roosevelt Asks Congress for a Declaration of War with Japan
12-8-1941
President Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor Day message to joint session of Congress asking for a declaration of war with Japan.


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Franklin Roosevelt Asks Congress for a Declaration of War Between the U.S., Germany, and Italy
12-11-1941
In a message delivered by a White House emissary, Franklin Roosevelt asks Congress to recognize a state of war between U.S., Germany, and Italy.


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Franklin Roosevelt Speaks for U.S. Involvement in the War in Europe
3-15-1941
Franklin D. Roosevelt discusses the tyranny of nazism and the necessity of our full aid to Britain.


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Rights of American Indians
4-4-1912
Wilson talks about the rights of the American Indians and very optimistically about their living conditions.


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Armistice Day
11-10-1923
Wilson gives an address from his home on S. Street, Washington D.C. on November 10, 1923 to a gathering of admirers on Armistice Day.


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Harry S. Truman addresses the U.N.C.I.O. 10th plenary meeting at San Francisco.
6-25-1945
Harry S. Truman addresses the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) 10th plenary meeting at San Francisco.


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Truman gives address in Central Park New York City stating postwar U.S. foreign policy and the outlook for uses of atomic power
10-27-1945
Navy Day address. Truman gives address in Central Park New York City stating postwar U.S. foreign policy and the outlook for uses of atomic power.


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Harry Truman pleads with striking railroad workers to return to work to bring grain to starving millions coupled with a threat to nationalize the railroads
5-15-1946
Harry Truman pleads with striking railroad workers to return to work to bring grain to starving millions coupled with a threat to nationalize the railroads.


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Truman speaking before Joint Session of 80th Congress about inflationary curbs and foreign aid
11-17-1947
Truman speaking before Joint Session of 80th Congress about inflationary curbs and foreign aid.


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Radio address to the nation from the White House. Truman explains his position on Taft-Hartley bill after veto of it and his opinions of that legislation
6-20-1947
Radio address to the nation from the White House. Truman explains his position on Taft-Hartley bill after veto of it and his opinions of that legislation.


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Harry S. Truman addressing a special joint session of 80th Congress
8-14-1948
Harry S. Truman addressing a special joint session of 80th Congress. Truman urges precautionary measures against inflation and asks for housing and other legislation.


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Address to the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
3-17-1948
Address to the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick. Truman outlines his plan for economic aid to European countries and discusses universal military training in the United States.


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Harry S. Truman gives an address on the State of the Union, delivered in person to a combined session of Congress in Washington, D.C.
1-5-1949
Harry S. Truman gives an address on the State of the Union, delivered in person to a combined session of Congress in Washington, D.C.


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Truman's inaugural address
1-20-1949
Truman's inaugural address.


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Harry Truman welcomes delegates to the Mid-century White House Conference on Children and Youth
1-1-1950
Harry Truman welcomes delegates to the Mid-century White House Conference on Children and Youth.


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Point Four, an address to American Newspaper Guild
6-28-1950
Point Four, an address to American Newspaper Guild.


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Harry S. Truman speaks in Detroit on the occasion of the 250th birthday of that city
1-1-1951
Harry S. Truman speaks in Detroit on the occasion of the 250th birthday of that city.


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President Truman's 1951 Christmas message. He contrasts Christmas 1951 with Christmas 1941
12-24-1951
President Truman's 1951 Christmas message. He contrasts Christmas 1951 with Christmas 1941.


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Harry Truman announces VE Day victory over Germany and reads a proclamation
5-8-1945
Harry Truman announces V-E Day victory over Germany and reads a proclamation.


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Radio report to the American people on the Potsdam conference and dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
8-9-1945
Radio report to the American people on the Potsdam conference and dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.


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Truman's radio address to the nation describing dangers to the U.S. in Korea
12-1-1950
Truman's radio address to the nation describing dangers to the U.S. in Korea. Truman discusses his plans for calling up more troops, increased production, higher taxes, his decision to declare a national emergency, and deplores the current railroad strike.


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Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of duty in Korea
4-11-1951
Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of duty in Korea.


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Truman speaks on the first anniversary of the start of the Korean War
6-25-1951
Truman speaks on the first anniversary of the start of the Korean War.


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President Truman and General Douglas MacArthur state their opposing positions on what should be done to prevent war during the Korean Conflict.
1-1-1700
President Truman and General Douglas MacArthur state their opposing positions on what should be done to prevent war during the Korean Conflict.


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Harry Truman gives an address at the national palace while visiting Mexico City
3-3-1947
Harry Truman gives an address at the National Palace while visiting Mexico City.


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Harry S. Truman addresses a joint session of Congress
3-12-1947
Harry S. Truman addresses a joint session of Congress. Truman requests financial and economic aid to Greece and Turkey.


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Address to joint session of Congress
3-17-1948
Address to joint session of Congress. Truman discusses European economic needs, the Marshall Plan, Communist pressure on Czechoslovakia, Finland, Italy, and Greece, and the need to provide Europe with economic help in order to help free nations recover from the war. He also requests support for universal military training and temporary selective service.


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President Harry S. Truman addresses Congress for the first time as President after President Franklin D. Roosevelt's death on April 12
4-16-1945
President Harry S. Truman addresses Congress for the first time as President after President Franklin D. Roosevelt's death on April 12. Richard Harkness analyzes the speech, which promises unconditional surrender, permanent world peace, and a continuity of the progressive liberalism of President Roosevelt.


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President Bush Addresses the Governors' Conference on Education
9-28-1989
Bush addresses the Governors' Conference on Education in Charlottesville, Virginia in noontime ceremonies following the working sessions.


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President Bush Calls a Press Conference in Huntsville, Alabama
6-13-1990
President Bush calls a press conference in Huntsville, Alabama to announce the suspension of U.S. dialogues with the Palestine Liberation Organization, following the recent terrorist invasion of Israel. Bush also answers questions on a variety of topics, including the savings and loan bailout.


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Gerald Ford Speaks to Congress Concerning Economic Issues In His 1975 State of the Union Address
Part Two
1-15-1975
President Ford continues his speech to Congress, saying that he wishes to use his presidential authority to raise the fees on imported crude oil. He explains that he views this solution as more acceptable than either rationing or higher taxes on gasoline. He speaks on a desired increase in the use of coal and other domestic power resources. Ford goes on to discuss proposed tax adjustments, and America's responsibilities to the international community. He ends his address with sentiments of optimism for the future of the country.


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Harry Truman Speaks to a Joint Session of Congress for the First Time, and Albert Einstein Addresses a Federal World Government Rally
4-16-1945
Harry S. Truman speaks to a joint session of Congress for the first time, having recently assumed the presidency. After being introduced by the doorkeeper of the house, Ralph Roberts, Harry Truman first laments the loss of Franklin Roosevelt, who was laid to rest on the previous day. Truman pledges that America will continue the fight for freedom until no vestige of resistance remains. In the second portion of the recording, Albert Einstein addresses a federal world government rally. The world renowned scientist speaks of economic and technological development. He comments on world government, and the United Nations organization. He answers questions posed by students, including concerns over the development of nuclear weapons. The quality of the recording is such that Einstein's accented speech is difficult to understand.


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Eisenhower Addresses the Little Rock Situation
9-24-1957
From the executive office of the White House, Dwight D. Eisenhower speaks about the situation in Little Rock, in which disorderly mobs had deliberately prevented the carrying out of lawful orders from a federal court by barring the entrance of nine African American students to Central High School. Eisenhower speaks of how he issued orders for the mobs to be dispersed. He explains federal intervention as necessary in light of the inability of local authorities to enforce the judicial decree.


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Eisenhower Addresses the American Society of Newspaper Editors in a Speech Concerning Peace
4-16-1953
President Eisenhower speaks of peace in the world following World War II. He talks about the new leadership in the Soviet Union (this being shortly after the death of Stalin), and of possibilities for peace in Korea and for the nations of Eastern Europe to govern themselves in any way they see fit. He talks about the costs of improving military strength in terms of the money that is being taken away from other public projects such as schools and power plants, and he expresses a desire to enter into arms limitation treaties with the Soviet Union.


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President Eisenhower's News Conference of July 3, 1957
7-3-1957
After an announcement stating that more U-235 will be made available for peaceful purposes, President Eisenhower takes questions from reporters. Topics include civil rights legislation, the presidential campaign of 1960, wage and price increases, disarmament, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), an alleged murder committed by American Army specialist William McOsler, a single supply agency for the armed forces, basic physical training for servicemen, building a clean bomb, integration, voting rights, the Supreme Court, US policy toward France and Algeria, the budget, cost of living increases, and the Middle East.


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President Eisenhower Addresses New Soviet Leadership
4-16-1953
President Eisenhower, shortly after the death of Joseph Stalin, delivers an appeal to the new leadership of the Soviet Union to commit themselves to peace. Cold war rhetoric dominates the speech. For example, Eisenhower states that 'the United States and our valued friends, the other free nations, chose one road. The leaders of the Soviet Union chose another.' Among other things, Eisenhower calls on the Soviet Union to agree to disarmament.


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'What we're trying' (White House)
6-2-1971


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President Johnson and Billy Graham
2-5-1964
President Johnson makes a brief statement touching on Kennedy's assassination. Billy Graham talks briefly about the moral condition of the country.


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Gerald R. Ford news conference 8-28-74
8-28-1974
President Ford answers a host of questions from reporters. Topics include a possible pardon for former President Nixon and responses to inflation.


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Gerald R. Ford pardons Richard Nixon
9-8-1974
President Ford makes remarks upon signing a proclamation granting pardon to Richard Nixon.


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Ford's remarks concerning draft evaders
9-16-1974
President Ford makes remarks upon signing a proclamation and giving executive orders requiring work by draft evaders and establishing a clemency review board.


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Gerald R. Ford news conference 9-16-74
9-16-1974
Ford makes a brief statement and answers questions from reporters. Many questions lead Ford to defend and explain his pardon of Richard Nixon. Some questions address the fate of the tapes themselves.


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Ford's State of the Union Address 1-15-75
1-1-1975
President Ford gives his first State of the Union address, five months after becoming president. He discusses three broad issues: the economy, energy, and foreign policy.


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Gerald R. Ford press conference 10-9-74
10-9-1974
Ford makes a brief statement and answers questions from reporters. Topics include: tax hikes, energy (including oil), arms control, and Rockefeller's gift to Secretary of State Kissinger.


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Tulane University speech
4-23-1975
Ford makes a general and emotional speech to Tulane students.


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Reagan's speech to nation on Iran-Contra controversy 11-13-86
11-13-1986
President Reagan tries to give listeners the facts concerning American foreign policy in Iran. In particular, he addresses charges of trading weapons for hostages. He also admits to secret diplomatic negotiations with Iran.


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Reagan on Iran-Contra 8-12-87
8-12-1987
Reagan gives a speech upon the conclusion of Congressional hearings on the Iran-Contra affair. He claims that he was not fully informed and says that he cooperated with all of the investigations. Reagan goes on to discuss his nomination to the Supreme Court, Robert Bork, arms negotiations with the Soviet Union, a balanced-budget amendment to the Constitution, and developments in Nicaragua.


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Reagan's speech to National Association of Evangelicals (Evil Empire speech)
3-8-1983
Reagan's conservative politics are evident here in this speech to the National Association of Evangelicals. He addresses birth control, prayer in schools, abortion, and the Soviet Union. He first uses the term "Evil Empire" in this speech to describe the Soviet Union.


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Reagan's speech on national security (SDI)
3-23-1983
President Reagan makes the case for military development and spending of various kinds. In particular, this is the announcement of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Near the end, Reagan alludes to a way of eliminating the threat of nuclear missiles. He also discusses in detail the military capabilities of the Soviet Union.


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Inaugural Address of President Reagan
1-20-1981
President Reagan, in his first inaugural, addresses economic problems and pledges to reorganize the government.


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Reagan's speech at Berlin Wall, Brandenburg Gate
6-12-1987
President Reagan tells Gorbachev to "tear down this wall" and questions whether signs of openness are more than token gestures.


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Reagan's speech to nation on arms reduction (MX Missile)
11-22-1982
President Reagan discusses his decision to go ahead with the MX Missile. He discusses Americans' fears of nuclear war and why "peace through strength" is the best option.


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Speech on Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START)
11-18-1981
President Reagan announces the beginning of Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START). He compares the nuclear arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union.


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Reagan's remarks on Air Traffic Controllers Strike (PATCO)
8-3-1981
President Reagan makes a brief statement and answers questions from reporters about a strike by air traffic controllers. Reagan says that the air traffic controllers are part of the public sector and signed an oath stating that they would not strike. Because they are violating the law, he threatens to fire the workers if they do not return to their jobs.


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Speech to Nation on Central America
5-9-1984
President Reagan discusses American foreign policy in Central America. Most broadly, he addresses Communist influence in the region. He touches on the Soviets, Cuba, Nicaragua, the Sandinistas, and El Salvador. He concludes by asking Congress "to carry out the recommendations of the National Bipartisan Commission" on Central America.


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Reagan's speech to nation on economy
2-5-1981
President Reagan gives a dismal assessment of the nation's economy, placing a large share of the blame on government spending. He tells listeners that his economic plan will fix the problem, but does not give specifics.


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Reagan's speech on economic recovery to congress
4-28-1981
This speech focuses on economic recovery, but President Reagan opens his talk with comments on the recent assassination attempt.


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Reagan's speech to nation on federal tax reduction legislation
7-27-1981
President Reagan makes a speech to the nation to promote his tax reduction legislation.


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Speech to nation on Iran-Contra controversy (Tower Report)
3-4-1987
President Reagan discusses the findings of the Tower Report. He admits that arms were traded for hostages and says that he endorses all of the Report's recommendations.


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Speech at Bergen-Belsen Memorial
5-5-1985


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Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With the Students and Faculty at Moscow State University
5-31-1988
President Reagan describes American society to a group of Soviet students and answers some of their questions.


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Speech following US/USSR Summit in Geneva
11-21-1985
President Reagan gives a report on the outcome of a summit with Mikhail Gorbachev in Geneva, Switzerland.


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Speech to American Bar Association
7-8-1985
Long before George W. Bush's "axis of evil," President Reagan delivered this speech on a global network of terrorist states. He tries to reconfirm the United States as a "city on a hill."


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Speech at Bitburg Air Base, W. Germany
5-5-1985
In this speech, Reagan discusses Nazi Germany and Nazi aggression in the broader terms of totalitarianism. He says that "we do not believe in collective guilt" and talks about reconciliation between Germany and the United States.


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Address to the Nation on United States Assistance for the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance
6-24-1986
President Reagan invokes Harry S. Truman in his call for aid to the Contras.


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Address to the Nation on the Meetings with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev in Iceland
10-13-1986
President Reagan reports on progress at the Reykjavik Summit in Iceland. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) figures prominently in this speech.


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Speech to nation on investigation of Iran-Contra Affair
12-2-1986
Reagan states that Attorney General Edwin Meese has recommended further investigation into the Iran-Contra Affair. He goes on to announce the formation of an independent council. Reagan also appoints Frank Carlucci to the post of Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.


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President John F. Kennedy Press Conference for Near East
1-31-1962
Kennedy makes a statement about the United States's emergency stockpiles of material, and goes on to answer questions from reporters. Topics include U.S. -Soviet relations, urban affairs, Laos, Vietnam, Congressional elections, Cuba, Mary Bethune, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Alliance for Progress, the quality of television, civil rights, boxing (Floyd Patterson and Sonny Liston), Geneva Summit, race, and the economy.


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John F. Kennedy Press Conference
11-10-1960
This is President-elect Kennedy's first news conference. He first reads wires he sent to President Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev. He then discusses staffing issues and goes on to answer questions from the press. Topics include Kennedy's health, the closeness of the election, possible changes to the electoral college, and Lyndon Baines Johnson's role.


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President John F. Kennedy State of the Union Message
1-30-1961
This is President John F. Kennedy's first State of the Union address. He opens with sobering comments on the economy and goes on to discuss other domestic problems before turning his attention to international affairs, focusing on Communism, strengthening the military, and Latin American economic policy. He also mentions the Peace Corps.


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President John F. Kennedy on the Bay of Pigs
4-20-1961
In this address before the American Society of Newspaper Editors, President Kennedy discusses the failed Bay of Pigs invasion.


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President John F. Kennedy Press Conference
5-5-1961
President Kennedy opens this press conference with comments on the nuclear test ban treaty, Vice President Johnson's fact-finding mission to Asia, the Organization of American States, and the sale of an aluminum extrusion plant. He then answers questions about space, national defense, Vietnam, Hanoi and the International Control Commission, Cuba, the minimum wage, James William Fulbright, Secretary of the Interior Udall's fundraising, campaign finance reform, Japan, President Eisenhower, dependents of armed forces, and the Monroe Doctrine.


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President Ronald Reagan Oath of Office and Part of Speech
1-20-1981
News of the imminent release of the American hostages in Iran is given soradically as Reagan's inauguration approaches. This recording also contains part of Reagan's speech following his oath of office. Before the recording ends, he discusses inflation and the role of government.


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Address of President Ronald W. Reagan
7-18-1985
This brief address praises the Federal Bureau of Investigation as an example of federalism at its best.


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President Jimmy Carter's Speech to American Newspaper Publisher's Association
4-25-1979
The Reverend Jesse Jackson opens with an invocation. After first commenting on freedom of the press, President Carter gives a talk in support of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II). He cites the efforts of three presidents as precedent for continued negotiation and more treaties. He goes on to address four specific concerns: the reasons for SALT, its relationship to US defense strategy, verifiability of the treaty's terms, and how the treaty relates to US-Soviet relations as a whole.


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President Jimmy Carter's Remarks at the Summer Olympic Medal Presentation Ceremony
7-20-1980
President Carter presents Congressional Medals to members of the 1980 Summer Olympic Team, which was kept from participating in order to protest the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan.


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President Jimmy Carter's Address to the Nation on the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
1-4-1980
President Carter delivers an indignant speech outlining the United States response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. He calls on the Soviets to withdraw from Afghanistan, states that they are in violation of the United Nations charter, and describes some of the immediate steps that the United States is taking to deal with the crisis.


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Other

Fireside Chat, September 30, 1934
9-30-1934
President Roosevelt delivers a speech in which he says that 'we are bringing order out of the old chaos' and that government assistance has become necessary to business and industry. He reviews in general terms a variety of government policies. Roosevelt also answers criticism of his programs by saying that programs similar to his had been enacted in England a decade ago.


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